apers with Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, comprising 67.0% and 613% of total joint papers in 1990 and 1995 respectively. These data are backed up by Zahlan (1999a) who finds that scientific workers in the Maghreb are deeply integrated with the international scientific community. So, despite the social proximi

er Arab countries. Where Gulf countries do cooperate with Arab scientists, it tends to be limited to only a small number of countries. According to Zahlan (1999a) this is because universities in Gulf countries employ professors mainly from other Arab countries. Similarly, in the Mediterranean Arab region, co