tates v. Pierre-Louis, 2018 WL 4043140 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 9, 2018) 9 United States v. Rashkovski, 301 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 2002) 16 United States v. Rivera-Ventura, 72 F.3d 277 (2d Cir. 1995) 11 iii EFTA00103712 United States v. Scharton, 285 U.S. 518 (1932) 5, 9 United States v. Valle, 807 F.3d 508 (