4 United States v. Manzano, 945 F.3d 616 (2d Cir. 2019) 13, 17 United States v. McGuinness, 764 F. Supp. 888 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) 11 United States v. Middendotf, No. 18 Cr. 36 (JPO), 2018 WL 3956494, at *4-5 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 17, 2018) 20, 22 United States v. Moon, 718 F.2d 1210 (2d Cir. 1983) 30, 33 iii E