AUTHORITIES Cases Boyd v United States, 116 U.S. 616 (1886) 3, 6, 15 Carpenter v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2206 (2018) 3, 5, 6, 9 Colorado v. Bannister, 449 U.S. 1 (1980) 3 DeMassa v. Nunez, 770 F.2d 1505 (9th Cir. 1985) 10 Doe v. Broderick, 225 F.3d 440 (4th Cir. 2000) 10, 13 Fisher v. Unite