ion of serious physical injury or death inflicted by the defendant’s conduct on a member of the plaintiff's immediate family in his or her presence.” Bovsun v. Sanper, 61 N.Y.2d 219, 223-24, 473 N.Y.S.2d 357, 461 N.E.2d 848 (1984). Under the direct duty theory, a plaintiff suffers emotional dis- tress cau

racy Inst. & Holy Land Found. for Relief and Dev., 291 F.3d 1000 (7th Cir. 2002) occ Bougher v. Univ. of Pittsburgh, 882 F.2d 74 (3d Cir. 1989) .... Bovsun v. Sanperi, 61 N-Y.2d 219 (1984) .oeecceeccesesstsesceesseeeeeneenees Bowoto v. Chevron Corp., 621 F.3d 1116 (9th Cir. 2010) ........ *vi Brentwood