leadings without converting the motion into a motion for summary judgment. Courtenay Commu- nications Corp. v. Hall, 334 F.3d 210, 213 (2d Cir.2003); Friedl v. City of New York, 210 F.3d 79, 83-84 (2d Cir.2000). A. Elements of Claims [71] Plaintiffs claim that each Defen- dant provided material support