ir. 1995); United States v. Perate, 719 F.2d 706, 710-11 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Smith, 853 F. Supp. 179, 183-84 (M.D.N.C. 1994); Dawsey v. Gov't of Virgin Islands, 931 F. Supp. 397, 402-04 (D.V.J. 1996). A standard explanation for deference is that judges lack means to compel prosecutors to litigate charges at