40. The senior Kennedy had predicted that Germany would defeat England and he HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_015080 --- PAGE BREAK --- therefore urged President Franklin D. Roosevelt to withhold aid. Now Johnson found himself fighting pragmatism with pragmatism. It did not work; he lost the nomination. Ironically, the vicissitude

ton, 2013). In the past, the United States has abided by the norm against the use of chemical weapons even at the expense of American lives: In WWII, Franklin D. Roosevelt chose to eschew chemical weapons in Iwo Jima even though, as his advisors argued at the time, their use would have saved thousands of American lives.

Epst_9780451494566_2p_all_r1.indd 198 ® 9/30/16 8:13AM | | HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_019686 --- PAGE BREAK --- The Rise of the NSA | 199 Europe, President Franklin D. Roosevelt reactivated the operation as the Signal Security Agency. It proved its value in breaking the Japanese machine-generated cipher “Purple.” In June 1942

amber saying famously “Gentlemen should not read each other's mail.” The moratorium did not last long. With war looming in Asia and Europe, President Franklin D. Roosevelt reactivated the operation as the Signals Security Agency. It proved its value in breaking the Japanese machine-generated cipher “purple.” In June 194

endment was finally signed into law by then-Governor Roosevelt, but to no avail. HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_030194 --- PAGE BREAK --- "Ignoring the mandate of Franklin D. Roosevelt," Lenny observed, "is a great deal more offensive than saying Eleanor has lovely nay-nays." On October 13, 1965 (Lenny's 40th birthday), instead of s

ubtedly had an effect on the course and outcome of contemporaneous debate. Lincoln's tall, gangling posture, Teddy Roosevelt's glasses and teeth, and Franklin D. Roosevelt's jutting jaw and cigarette holder have been memorialized by political cartoons with an effect that could not have been obtained by the photographer or