Some examples to help achieve thermal comfort for building occupants include thermostat controls; local diffusers at the floor, desk, or overhead levels; or control of individual radiant panels. Radiant heating may be a good option to pursue. More specifically, room thermostats, natural ventilation actuators, and ceiling fans can have the capability for local occupant override or bypass. 9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations Local weather and ambient air conditions may determine the feasibility of operable windowswithin existing projects. For example, in areas that are prone to extreme temperatures for a majority of the year, or urban areas where traffic and air pollution are problematic, operable windows may not be an appropriate addition to a building. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Inform building operators about the number and type of thermal comfort controls installed. Include the default setpoints and schedules in the facility's building operation plan. Establish procedures and schedulesforrecalibratingcontrols,basedonthe manufacturer's recommendations, and include them in the building's preventive maintenance plan. Train building operators in using and maintaining specialty equipment. If windows are operable, the facility managers should educate tenants on the security and HVAC consequences of leaving windows open when the building is not occupied. Explain how this affects the HVAC systems and ultimately comfort. Maintenance staff should also plan to clean or replace HVAC filters more frequently if building occupants use operable windows. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (lim3Wwww.us c.o /mjecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites A Field Study of Personal Environmental Module Performance in Bank of America's San Francisco Office Buildings httpd/vnvw.cbe.berkeley.eduiresearchipdf_filestbaumanicgotbofa.pdf This University of California, Berkeley research center provides information about underfloor air distribution technologies and other topics. Do Green Buildings Enhance the Well-Being of Workers? Yes Environmental Design + Construction httpsoww.edcmag.com/Articles/CoverStorebonb.2338_070t0VgnVCM100000fqva8co. This article byJudith Heerwagen in the July/August woo edition of Environmental Design + Construction quantifies the effects of green building environments on productivity. Print Media Controls and Automation for Facilities Managers: Applications Engineering, by Viktor Boed (CRC Press, 1998). 13. Definitions The building envelope, or shell, is the exterior surface of a building's construction—the walls, windows, roof, and floor. IEQ CI Credit 6.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 377 EFTA00281916

I Ell CI Credit 6.2 Comfort criteria are the specific original design conditions that at minimum include temperature (air, radiant, and surface), humidity, and air speed as well as outdoor temperature design conditions, outdoor humidity design conditions, clothing, and expected activity. (ASHRAE 55-2004) Commissioning is the process of verifying and documenting that the facility and all of its systems and assemblies are planned, designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained to met the owner's project requirements. Controls are considered to be operating devices that enable the occupant to turn on or off other devices (e.g., lighting) or adjust other devices or systems within in a range (e.g., temperature). Daylighting is the controlled admission of natural light into a space through glazing to reduce or eliminate electric lighting. HVAC systems are equipment, distribution systems, and terminals that provide the processes of heating, ventilating, or air-conditioning. (ASHRAE 90.1-2007) In individual occupant spaces, workers use standard workstations to conduct individual tasks. Examples are private offices and open office areas with multiple workers. Natural ventilation relies on a range of techniques that maximize the potential of the stack effect, using air passages through doors, windows, or other intentional openings at differing heights and wind effects. Nonoccupied spaces include all rooms used by maintenance personnel that are not open for use by occupants. Examples are janitorial, storage and equipment rooms, and closets. Outdoor air is the ambient air that enters a building through a ventilation system, either through intentional openings for natural ventilation or by infiltration. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Regularlyoccupied spaces in commercial buildings are areaswhere people sitor stand as theywork. In residential applications these spaces include all living and family rooms and exclude bathrooms, closets, or other storage or utility areas. Shared (group) multioccupant spaces include conference rooms, classrooms and other indoor spaces used as places of congregation. Sensors are devices that undergo a measurable change in response to a change in the environment and communicates this to the appropriate equipment or control system. Thermal comfort exists when occupants express satisfaction with the thermal environment. 378 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281917

THERMAL COMFORT-DESIGN Credit IEQ Credit 7.1 Points 1 point Intent To provide a comfortable thermal environment that promotes occupant productivity and well- being. Requirements Design heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems to meet the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 55-20.34, Thermal Comfort Conditions for Human Occupancy (with errata but without addenda'). Demonstrate design compliance in accordance with the Section 6.1.1 documentation. Project teams wishing to use ASIIRAK approved addenda thepurposesa this atilt may do so at theirdiseretion. Addenda must be applied conalstently acme all LEED °edits. IEQ CREDIT 7.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 379 EFTA00281918

IEQ CI Credit 7.1 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Maintaining an acceptable level of thermal comfort for building occupants should be considered a necessity for any building or space with regular occupancy. Studies have shown that people who are comfortable are more productive and generally happier. In a work environment, increases in productivity can reduce the amount of time and energy required for an individual task. Over the course of a year, that can translate to fewer hours running equipment such as computers or task lighting, resulting in energy savings that reduce the strain on the environment. Economic Issues Generally, HVAC and building envelope systems that do not adequately address the thermal comfort of occupants are less energy efficient than their more robust counterparts—with the exception of passive or naturally ventilated spaces. Mechanical systems relying on natural ventilation typically have lower capital and construction costs and use less energy than mechanicallyventilated systems. In climates with extreme seasonal temperature swings, occupants' comfort can suffer in a naturally ventilated building, but a well-designed building envelope and HVAC system can help compensate. Buildingswith poor envelopes might struggle to maintain a comfortable environment for occupants near the building perimeter. The building HVAC system will expend more energy trying to maintain a comfortable environment for those occupants on the perimeter, increasing the annual energy cost of the building. HVAC systems with poorly located or inadequate numbers of thermostats or control zones can significantly impact occupant comfort. Occupants using areas that could otherwise have been provided individual temperature controls may have to share a thermostat or may use space heaters, which can increase energy use. When spaces have not been properly thermally zoned, occupants may try to heat and cool the same area at the same time, potentially resulting in greater energy use and additional costs to operate the building. 2. Related Credits The thermal comfort of building occupants is affected by environmental conditions (air temperature, radiant temperature, relative humidity, and air speed), personal factors (metabolic rate and clothing), and personal preferences. Thermal comfort can be controlled through both active (mechanical) systems and passive (natural ventilation) systems, with the best results often achieved through a combination of the 2 systems: Using both can help reduce the building's energy consumption, as well as achieve optimum comfort levels. For all these reasons, this credit is related to the following other prerequisites and credits: ■ EA Prerequisite a: Minimum Energy Performance ■ EA Credit 1.3: Optimize Energy Performance—HVAC • EA Credit 3: Measurement and Verification To address the issue of commissioning thermal comfort features, refer to the following: • EA Prerequisite 1: Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems • EA Credit a: Enhanced Commissioning The following prerequisite and credits also pertain to occupants' comfort: ■ IEQ Prerequisite Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance ■ IEQ Credit 2: Increased Ventilation 380 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281919

■ IEQ Credit 6.2: Controllability of Thermal Systems—Thermal Comfort ■ IEQ Credit 7.2: Thermal Comfort—Verification 3. Summary of Referenced Standard American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/ASH RAE Standard 55 20°4, Thermal Comfort Conditions for Human Occupancy ASH RAE http:(/www.ashrae.org According to ASHRAE, this standard "specifies the combinations of indoor space environment and personal factors that will produce thermal environmental conditions acceptable to So% or more of the occupants within a space. The environmental factors addressed are temperature, thermal radiation, humidity, and airspeed; the personal factors are those of activity and clothing." 4. Implementation Although often associated only with air temperature, thermal comfort is a complex issue, affected by environmental conditions (e.g., air temperature, radiant temperature, humidity, and air speed) and personal factors (e.g., metabolic rate, clothing, and preferences). There are 3 basic approaches to providing thermal comfort in project space: ■ Mechanical Ventilation (i.e., active ventilation). ■ Natural Ventilation (i.e., passive ventilation). ■ Mixed-Mode Ventilation (i.e., both mechanical and natural ventilation). The owner should decide which conditioning approach to use and find an appropriate space for that conditioning system. ASHRAE 55-2004 provides thermal comfort standards with an optional alternate approach specifically for naturally ventilated spaces. The selected space should be evaluated to determine whether it can be made to meet the desired comfort criteria identified by the future occupant. ASH RAE 55-2004 uses the predicted mean vote model, which incorporates heat balance principles to relate the personal and environmental thermal comfort factors based on the thermal sensation scale that shows 7 levels ranging from +3 (hot) to -3 (cold). The predicted mean vote model is applicable to air speeds not greater than 0.20 meters per second (40 feet per minute). For naturally ventilated spaces, the standard indicates that field experiments have shown that the occupants' thermal responses depend in part on the outdoor climate and may differ from thermal responses in buildings with centralized HVAC systems. This is primarily because of the occupant's different thermal experiences,clothing, availabilityof control,and shifts expectations. The standard provides an optional method of compliance, intended for naturally ventilated spaces. This optional method provides indoor temperature ranges as a function ofmean monthlyoutdoortemperatures,assuming light, sedentary activity but independent of humidity, air speed, and clothing considerations. The optional method in Section 5.3 of the standard uses a chart with a broad temperature range and is based on the adaptive model of thermal comfort (which also accounts for occupants' clothing adaptation). The chart is derived from a global database with measures being taken in office buildings. There are many well established HVAC load calculation methodologies to assist designers in sizing and selecting HVAC equipment in order to provide thermal comfort conditions. Natural ventilation may be more difficult to evaluate and require more intensive analysis and/or reliance on experience and precedents. For naturally ventilated buildings, CIBSE Alto presents strategies that can be implemented to the selected space; however, attention should be given to the lease requirements IEQ CI Credit 7.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 381 EFTA00281920

I EQ CI Credit 7.1 of the building to ensure the modifications desired by the owner and the design team may be implemented. For mechanical conditioning, the operating set points and parameters of the HVAC system will be a primary influence on thermal comfort conditions in the project space. Many facility operators in mechanically air conditioned spaces spend significant time and effort adjusting thermostat set points and other operational parameters in order to limit complaints associated with poor thermal comfort. Systems where individual occupants are provided some amount of direct control over temperature and/or air movement generally yield fewer thermal comfort complaints. The maxim "passive buildings, active occupants" fits the natural ventilation model well. Occupants generally take a primary role in managing thermal comfort conditions in naturally ventilated buildings by opening and closing windows as necessary. Thermal comfort in naturally conditioned buildings is also somewhat morevariable than in mechanicallyconditioned buildings,where systems are often designed to maintain consistent conditions through all periods of occupancy. 5. Timeline and Team The project owner and design team need to work together to achieve this credit, but responsibility for meeting the requirements and ensuring the thermal comfort of occupants resides with the HVAC design engineer. Start early in the design development stage. Discuss the local climate, energy efficiency, and occupant comfort ranges. The design team should decide whether thermal comfort conditions can be met with a passive approach or an active HVAC system or mixed-mode approach. This decision may be influenced by the type of space and cost considerations. Using ASHRAE 55-2,004, the design team and the owner should together identify the environmental parameters required to maintain the desired thermal comfort in the project space and then identify the conditioning systems (whether active or passive) available at the leased space to provide these conditions. 6. Calculations There are no calculations required for this credit. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Design mechanical systems within the comfort criteria of ASH RAE 55-zoort. • Describe how thermal comfortconditions were established for the project and how the design of conditioning systems addresses the thermal comfort design criteria. 8. Examples Figure t presents the ASHRAE 55-zoo4 comfort zone charts for summer and winter. They take into consideration factors like temperature and humidity and are most applicable to occupants who are appropriately dressed and involved in light work (e.g., office workers). The variations in the charts reflect the assumption that occupants are dressed according to the seasons. 382 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281921

Figure 1. (ASHRAE 55) Summer Comfort Zone 43° 80% a. 60% m = w > .r. . to OC" ee .r. 40% Tv A 40% 7. , ce ce 30% t 30% ,3 es 20% aj c es 20% IAL Winter Comfort Zone 80% °F 65 70 /5 80 Space Dry Bulb Temperature a. E 60% °F 65 70 75 80 Space Dry Bulb Temperature These charts can help the building owner and facility manager identify optimum interior comfort levels as well as identify deviations in thermal comfort that are specific to the building, the occupants and their type of work. 9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations When considering occupant comfort, anticipate how climatic and seasonal variations will affect the thermal comfort of occupants. Climate variations play an important role in passively ventilated buildings because of the introduction of unconditioned outside air. In mechanically ventilated buildings, regional variations have an impact on the temperature range that an occupant considers comfortable. Wanner climates typically have higher design temperatures than colder climates to match the conditions that would normally he considered comfortable for the occupants. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Provide the building owner, facility manager, and occupants with the information needed to understand, maintain, and adjust the HVAC system for thermal comfort. Establish appropriate setpoints and control sequences, as well as recommendations for typical corrective actions, and include them in the facility's building operating plan and sequence of operations document. Establish procedures and schedules for inspecting and recalibrating sensors and controls, based on the manufacturer's recommendations, and include them in the building's preventive maintenance plan. 12. Resources Please see the USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.usgbc.orgfproiecttools) for additional resources and technical information. IEQ CI Credit 7.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 383 EFTA00281922

I EQ CI Credit 7.1 Websites Advanced Desiccant Cooling and Dehumidification Program http://www.nrel.goWdocsify9Oostil •300.pdf This U.S. Department of Energy research and development program works with companies to realize the potential of desiccant systems for reducing energy consumption and improving indoor air quality and comfort. NIST Multizone Modeling Software http://ww.bfrl.nist.gov/IAQanalysiesoftware The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides software such as CONTAM, a multizone indoor air quality andventilation analysis computer program designed to predict airflows and contaminant concentrations. Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality, The Whole Building Design Guide http://wmv.wbdg.oredesiptieq.php The Indoor Environmental Quality section provides a wealth of resources including definitions, fundamentals, materials, and tools. Print Media ASHRAE ss-2004: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy (ASHRAE, 2004). ASHRAE 111-1988: Practices for Measurement, Testing, Adjusting and Balancing of Building Heating; Ventilation, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems (ASHRAE,1988). Dehumidification Enhancements for 100-%-Outside-Air AHUs: Parts 1,11 and III, by Donald Gatley, Healing Piping and Air Conditioning Magazine (September, October, and November 2000): http:// www.HPAC.com. Humidity Control Design Guide, by L. Harriman, G.W. Brundett, and R. Kittler (ASHRAE, 2000). The Impact of Part-Load Air-Conditioner Operation on Dehumidification Performance: Validating a Latent Capacity Degradation Model, by Hugh Henderson, IAQ and Energy (1998). Using ASHRAE 62 and 90.1 Conference Papers (ASH RAE,1998). The New Comfort Equation For Indoor Air Quality, by P.O. Fanger, ASHRAE Journal (October 1989): 3318- Selecting HVAC Systems for Schools, by Arthur Wheeler and Walter Kunz, Jr. (Maryland State Department of Education,1994). Thermal Comfort, by P.O. Fanger (Mc-Graw Hi11,197-3). Thermal Delight in Architecture, by Lisa Heschong (MIT Press,1979). Unplanned Airflows and Moisture Problems, by T. Brennan, J. Cummings, and J. Lstiburek, ASHRAE Journal (Novembers000). 13. Definitions Comfort Criteria are the specific original design conditions that at a minimum include temperature (air, radiant and surface), humidity and air speed as well as outdoor temperature design conditions, outdoor humidity design conditions, clothing, and expected activity. (ASH RAE 55-2004) Commissioning is the process of verifying and documenting that the facility and all of its systems and assemblies are planned, designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained to meet the owner's project requirements. 384 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281923

Mixed-mode ventilation combines natural ventilation with mechanical systems; the latter are used onlywhen necessary. Mixed-modeventilation strategies include 3 distinct approaches; contingency, complementary, and zoned. (CI ESE Guide F-2008) Mechanical ventilation is provided by mechanically powered equipment, such as motor-driven fans and blowers, but not by devices such as wind-driven turbine ventilators and mechanically operated windows. (ASHRAE 62.1-2004) Natural ventilation is provided by thermal, wind, or diffusion effects through doors, windows, or other intentional openings in the building. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Occupants in a commercial building are workers who eitherhave a permanent office or workstation or typically spend a minimum of to hours per week in the project building; in a residential building, regular occupants also include all persons who live in the building. Predicted mean vote is an empirical equation for predicting the mean vote on a rating scale of thermal comfort of a large population of people exposed to a certain environment. Relative humidity is the ratio of partial density of water vapor in the air to the saturation density of water vapor at the same temperature and the same total pressure. (ASHRAE 55- 4). Thermal comfort exists when building occupants express satisfaction with the thermal environment. IE0 CI Credit 7.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 385 EFTA00281924

386 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281925

THERMAL COMFORT-VERIFICATION a Credit Points IEQ Credit 7.2 1 point' •1 point in addition to IEQ Credit 7.1 Intent To provide for the assessment of occupant thermal comfort over time. Requirements Achieve IEQ Credit 7.1: Thermal Comfort - Design Provide a permanent monitoring system and process for corrective action to ensure that building performance meets the desired comfort criteria as determined by IEQ Credit 7.1: Thermal Comfort—Design. Agree to conduct a thermal comfort survey of tenant space occupants within 6 to IS months after occupancy. This survey should collect anonymous responses about thermal comfort in the tenant space including an assessment of overall satisfaction with thermal performance and identification of thermal comfort problems. Agree to develop a plan for corrective action if the survey results indicate that more than 20% of occupants are dissatisfied with thermal comfort in the tenant space This plan should include measurement of relevant environmental variables in problem areas in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 (with errata but without addenda`). Proyvt teams wz.iling to ox ASIIRAE 4pprened 4cldencht for t tc put ix so' thiscredit Ma) do,oat04111 ir th,cret ton. Addend: :rust be applxd.onsistently a.ru.a all LEED•redits IEQ CREDIT 7.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 387 EFTA00281926

IEQ CI Credit 7.2 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues For many facilities, the HVAC systems that maintain indoor thermal comfort are the largest energy users. A successful green building should minimize the energy use associated with building conditioning—along with the associated energy cost, fuel consumption, and air emissions—while maintaining thermal comfort conditions that enhance occupant well-being. Economic Issues Depending on the specific approach and project space limitations, providing the thermal comfort conditions as defined by ASHRAE 55-2004 may increase or decrease the cost of designing, constructing, and operating the facility. The choices that are made while finding the project space will shape the cost implications of this credit. If the owner selects a space that has mechanical systems, the project team must evaluate the existing system to determine if maintaining the comfortcriteria is feasible from a system operations and monitoring point of view as well as whether there is a need for modifications or changes to the overall system. This might affect lease agreements, which could reduce or increase the overall cost of the project. Thermal comfort monitoring (via occupant surveying or monitoring environmental variables) may add capital, operations, and maintenance costs to a facility. The building systems, use, and occupants change with time, requiring ongoing maintenance and perhaps improvements to thermal comfort performance. Reducing thermal comfort problems and complaints contributesto occupant performance and may allow facility operations and maintenance staff to focus on other critical areas. If the owner selects a space that has a natural ventilation system, the above mentioned feasibility procedure should be carried out to evaluate cost implications. The selected space might have operable windows but may or may not provide the comfort criteria established by the owner and the design team. Natural ventilation systems consume less energy, and may have reduced maintenance costs compared with the HVAC systems. 2. Related Credits The thermal comfort of building occupants is affected by environmental conditions (air temperature, radiant temperature, relative humidity, and air speed), personal factors (metabolic rate and clothing), and personal preference. Thermal comfort can be controlled through the use of active (mechanical) systems and passive (natural ventilation) systems, with the best results often achieved through a combination of the 2 systems. Using both active and passive features can help reduce the energy consumption of the building as well as achieve optimum comfort levels in a building. Refer to the requirements in the following: ■ EA Prerequisite a: Minimum Energy Performance ■ EA Credit 1.3: Optimize Energy Performance—HVAC ■ EA Credit 3: Measurement and Verification Another prerequisite and credit address the issue of commissioning thermal comfort: ■ EA Prerequisite 1: Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems ■ EA Credit 2: Enhanced Commissioning This credit also works in synergy with the following prerequisite and credits that pertain directly to occupant comfort: ■ IEQ Prerequisite I: Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance 388 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281927

▪ I EQ Credit 2: Increased Ventilation ▪ I EQ Credit 6.2: Controllability of Thermal Systems—Thermal Comfort ▪ I EQ Credit 7.1: Thermal Comfort—Design 3. Summary of Referenced Standard American National Standards Institute (ANSOIASHRAE Standard 55-2004, Thermal Comfort Conditions for Human Occupancy American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers http://www.ashrae.org "This standard specifies the combinations of indoor space environment and personal factors that will produce thermal environmental conditions acceptable to 80% or more of the occupants within a space. The environmental factors addressed are temperature, thermal radiation, humidity and air speed; the personal factors are those of activity and clothing." (ASHRAE) 4. Implementation Since thermal comfort is inherently subjective and is psychological as much as physiological, regularly surveying occupants may be the best way to determine whether a facility is comfortable. Sporadic complaints about thermal comfort may not be an appropriate indicator of overall thermal comfort, but rather an indicator of local or personal dissatisfaction. Providing a systematic process and mechanism for all occupants to provide feedback about their thermal comfort will help building operators adjust and maintain thermal comfort in the building. Analyzingenvironment variables (typicallyby monitoringspace temperature and relative humidity) is an alternate approach to determining if a facility is providing thermal comfort for its occupants. Temperature, humidity, and other environmental monitoring systems provide facility operators with objective data to determine if the building space conditions meet the design intent and/or if they are being maintained consistently through the occupied periods. The building systems, building use, and occupants change with time, which means that requiring ongoing maintenance and improvements may be necessary to maintain thermal comfort. Reducing thermal comfort problems and complaints contributes to occupant performance and may allow facility operations and maintenance staff to focus on other critical areas. Employing a monitoring system will control nondirectional airspeed, air temperature, and humidity under all expected operating conditions. Maintenance and operations personnel need to verify that the system is functioning properly and that the comfort criteria determined earlier is being maintained by taking readings and assessing the thermal comfort parameters that are identified by the owner and the design team. Periodic verifications and adjustments to the system help maintain the set comfort criteria, contributes to occupant performance, and keeps the systems up to date. Even though this credit does not require a monitoring system in addition to occupant surveying to verify the thermal comfort conditions, it might be beneficial for the owner and design teams to employ both options in their operations and maintenance plan, especially for determining options for corrective action. 5. Timeline and Team The design and engineering team are primarily responsible for achieving this credit, which is based on the requirements of ASHRAE 55-2004. Additionally, a member of the building operations team, an owner agent, or a commissioning authority should carry out the followup survey to meet the requirements of this credit. During the design phase, identify the environmental parameters in IEQ Credit 7.1, Thermal Comfort—Design, that will affect comfort in the project building. Any space temperature sensors, IEQ CI Credit 7.2 2009 EDITICI. LELD REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 389 EFTA00281928

I EQ CI Credit 7.2 humidity sensors, or other sensors needed to monitor thermal comfort conditions should be integrated into the HVAC design. For the survey, consult the guidelines and a sample thermal environment survey in ASHRAE 55-2004. During the operations phase, facility managers should develop procedures to survey building occupants about thermal comfort conditions for every operating mode. These regular surveys may be administered in person, over the phone, over networked computers, or on paper but should be consistently applied and available for participation by all regular occupants. The survey may encompass other indoor environmental quality considerations (such as lighting or acoustics) as well, although this is not required for this credit. 6. Calculations There are no calculations associated with this credit. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Create a written plan for corrective action if zo % or more of a building's occupants are dissatisfied with thermal comfort in the building ■ Create a thermal comfort survey for the building's occupants 8. Examples There are no examples for this credit. 9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations ASHRAE S5-aoo4 provides alternate thermal comfort criteria based on presumed seasonal changes in occupants' dress. This assumption may or may not be valid for facilities and for different regions of the country. Designers should consider and anticipate occupants' clothing and likely metabolic rate in determining the indoor thermal comfort criteria. A natural ventilation approach is more typical in mild and temperate climates, although there are precedents for naturally conditioned buildings in all climates. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Provide the building owner, maintenance personnel, and occupants with the information needed to understand, maintain, and adjust the HVAC system for thermal comfort. Establish appropriate setpoints and control sequences, as well as recommendations for typical corrective actions, and include them in the building operating plan and sequence of operations document. Establish procedures and schedules for inspecting and recalibrating sensors and controls, based on the manufacturer's recommendations, and include them in the building's preventive maintenance plan. 12. Resources Please see the USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.usgbc.oreprojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. 390 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281929

Websites Advanced Desiccant Cooling and Dehumidification Program http://www.nrel.goWdocsify9Oostil .3oo.pdf This U.S. Department of Energy research and development program works with companies to realize the potential of desiccant systems for reducing energy consumption and improving indoor air quality and comfort. NIST Multizone Modeling Software http://wwwbfrl.nist.g9SIAOanalysisfsoftware The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides software such as CONTAM, a multizone indoor air quality andventilation analysis computer program designed to predict airflows and contaminant concentrations. Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality, The Whole Building Design Guide http://www.wbdg.orgidesignfiN,pl_Ri The Indoor Environmental Quality section provides a wealth of resources including definitions, fundamentals, materials, and tools. Print Media ASHRAE55-2004: Thermal Environmental Considerations for Human Occupancy (ASHRAE, 2004). ASHRAE -1988: Practices for Measurement, Testing, Adjusting and Balancing of Building Heating Ventilation, Mr-Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems (ASHRAE,1988). Dehumidification Enhancements for 100-%-Outside-Air AHUs: Parts 1,11 and III, by Donald Gatley, Heating Piping and Air Conditioning Magazine (September, October, and November 2000): httpdt Humidity Control Design Guide, by L. Harriman, G.W. Brundett, and R. Kittler (ASHRAE, zo00). The Impact of Part-Load Air-Conditioner Operation on Dehumidification Performance: Validating a Latent Capacity Degradation Model, by Hugh Henderson, IAQ and Energy (1998). Using ASHRAE and 90.1 Conference Papers (ASH RAE, t998). The New Comfort Equation For Indoor Air Quality, by M. Fanger, ASHRAE Journal, October (1989): PP- 3318. Selecting HVAC Systems for Schools, by Arthur Wheeler and Walter Kunz, Jr. (Maryland State Department of Education,1994). Thermal Comfort, Fanger (McGraw Hill,1973). Thermal Delight in Architecture, by Lisa Heschong (MIT Press,1979). Unplanned Airflows and Moisture Problem; by T. Brennan, J. Cummings, and J. Lstiburek, ASHRAE Journal (November z000). 13. Definitions Comfort criteria are the specific original design conditions that at a minimum include temperature (air, radiant and surface), humidity and air speed as well as outdoor temperature design conditions, outdoor humidity design conditions, clothing, and expected activity. (ASHRAE55-20N) Commissioning is the process of verifying and documenting that the facility and all of its systems and assemblies are planned, designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained to meet the owner's project requirements. IED CI Credit 7.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 391 EFTA00281930

I EQ CI Credit 7.2 Mechanical ventilation is provided by mechanically powered equipment, such as motor-driven fans and blowers, but not by devices such as wind-driven turbine ventilators and mechanically operated windows. (ASHRAE 62.r -2004) Mixed-mode ventilation combines mechanical and natural ventilation methods. Natural Ventilation is a ventilation design relying on a range of techniques which maximize the potential of the stack effect, using air passages through doors, windows, or other intentional openings at differing heights and wind effects. Occupants in a commercial building are workerswho eitherhave a permanent office or workstation or typically spend a minimum of r0 hours per week in the project building; in a residential building, regular occupants also include all persons who live in the building. Predicted mean vote is an empirical equation for predicting the mean vote on a rating scale of thermal comfort of a large population of people exposed to a certain environment. Relative humidity is the ratio of partial density of water vapor in the air to the saturation density of water vapor at the same temperature and the same total pressure. (ASHRAE 55-2004). Thermal comfort exists when occupants express satisfaction with the thermal environment. 392 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281931

DAYLIGHT AND VIEWS-DAYLIGHT _Oa Credit Points IEQ Credit 8.1 1.2 points Intent To provide occupants with a connection between indoor spaces and the outdoors through the introduction of daylight and views into the regularly occupied areas of the tenant space. Requirements the percentage of daylighting to be achieved for each point threshold is as follows: Gassman Spaces Points 75% 1 90% 2 OPTION 1. Simulation Demonstrate through computer simulations that 75% (1 point) or 9o% (a points) or more of all regularly occupied spaces areas achieve daylight illuminance levels of a minimum of 25 footcandle (fc) and a maximum of soo fc in a clear sky condition on September zi at 9 •. and 3.. Areas with illuminance levels below or above the range do not comply. However, designs that incorporate view-preserving automated shades for glare control may demonstrate compliance for only the minimum 25 fc illuminance level. OR OPTION 2. Prescriptive Use a combination of side-lighting and/or top-lighting to achieve a total daylighting zone that is at least 75% (1 point) or go% (a points) of all the regularly occupied spaces. For the Sidelighting Daylight Zone (see diagram below): • Achieve a value, calculated as the product of the visible light transmittance (VLT) and window-to-floor area ratio (W FR) of daylight zone, between o.i5o and o.i80. The window area included in the calculation must be at least 3o inches above the floor. 0.150 C VLT X WA? C 0.180 • The ceiling must not obstruct a line in section that: • Joins the window-head to a line on the floor that is parallel to the plane of the window; • Is twice the height of the window-head above the floor in distance from the plane of the glass as measured perpendicular to the plane of the glass, • Provide sunlight redirection and/or glare control devices to ensure daylight effectiveness. IEQ CREDIT 8.1 2009 EDITION LEER REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 393 EFTA00281932

IEQ CREDIT 8.1 211 A V For Top-lighting Daylight Zone (see diagram below): • The daylight zone under a skylight is the outline of the opening beneath the skylight, plus in each direction the lesser of: • 70%of the ceiling height OR • tiz the distance to the edge of the nearest skylight OR • The distance to any permanent opaque partition (if transparent show VLT) farther than 70% of the distance between the top of the partition and the ceiling. ■ Achieve a skylight roof coverage between 3% and 6% of the roof area with a minimum o.5VLT. ■ The distance between the skylights must not be more than 1.4 times the ceiling height • A slcylight diffuser, if used, must have a measured haze value ofgreater than 90% when tested according to ASTM D1003. Avoid direct line of sight to the skylight diffuser. Exceptions for areas where tasks would be hindered by the use of daylight will be considered on their merits. 394 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281933

IEQ CREDIT 8.1 \met • ri=fix0 7 1 Dayht Area 35° Permanent Pand1011 OR OPTION 3. Measurement Demonstrate, through records of indoor light measurements that a minimum daylight illumination level of 25 fc has been achieved in at least 75% (1 point) or 90% (2 points) of all regularly occupied areas. Measurements must be taken on a so-foot grid for all occupied spaces and recorded on building floor plans. Only the square footage associated with the portions of rooms or spaces meeting the minimum illumination requirements maybe counted in the calculations. For all projects pursuing this option, provide daylight redirection and/or glare control devices to avoid high contrast situations that could impede visual tasks. Exceptions for areas where tasks would be hindered by daylight will be considered on their merits. OR OPTION 4. Combination Any of the above calculation methods maybe combined to document the minimum daylight illumination in at least 75% (t point) or 90% (2 points) of all regularly occupied spaces. The different methods used in each space must be clearly recorded on all building plans. In all cases, only the square footage associated with the portions of rooms or spaces meeting the requirements maybe applied toward the 75% (I point) or 90% (2 points) of total area calculation required to qualify for this credit. In all cases, provide glare control devices to avoid high-contrast situations that could impede visual tasks. Exceptions for areas where tasks would be hindered by the use of daylight will be considered on their merits. 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 395 EFTA00281934

IEQ CI Credit 8.1 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Buildings emphasizing daylighting may often depend on the introduction of larger daylighting apertures. Daylighting reduces the need for electric lightingofbuilding interiors,which, if integrated into the overall approach to lighting, can result in decreased energy use. A well-designed daylit building is estimated to reduce lighting energy use by50%to 80%." This conserves natural resources and reduces air pollution impacts due to energy production and consumption. Daylighting design involves a careful balance of heat gain and loss, glare control, visual quality, and variations in daylight availability. Shading devices, light shelves, courtyards, atriums, and window glazing are all strategies employed in daylighting design. Important considerations include selected buildings' orientation, window size and spacing, glass selection, reflectance of interior finishes, and locations of interior walls. Large expanses of unfragmented or untreated glazing can give the illusion of transparency or reflect sky and habitat, causing birds in flight to collide into the windows. See the Implementation sections for measures to reduce bird collisions. Economic Issues Specialized glazing can increase initial costs for a project and can lead to excessive heat gain if not designed properly. Glazing provides less insulating effects compared with standard walls, resulting in higher energy use and requiring additional maintenance. However, offices with sufficient natural daylight have proven to increase occupant productivity and comfort, leading to increased worker production and better employee retention. In most cases, employee compensation significantly outweighs the initial costs of incorporating daylighting measures into a building design. 2. Related Credits Increasing the area of vision glazing is likely to provide greater access to views from the building interior, which is covered under the following credit: ■ IEQ Credit 8.2: Daylight and Views—Views for Seated Spaces Incorporate HVAC perimeter zones to address temperature differences adjacent to glazing, and to effectively accommodate their associated heating and cooling affects. This credit also has a direct correlation to related lighting design energy conservation strategies. The interior lighting systems design can be used to maximize the energy savings by providing daylighting controls. ■ EA Credit 1.1: Optimize Energy Performance—Lighting Power ■ EA Credit 1.2: Optimize Energy Performance—Lighting Controls ■ EA Credit 1.3: Optimize Energy Performance—HVAC ■ IEQ Credit 6: Controllability of Systems 3. Summary of Referenced Standard ASTM D1003-07E1,Standard Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics http://www.astm.org Thistestmethod covers the evaluation of specificlight-transmittingand wide-angle-light-scattering properties of planar sections of materials such as essentially transparent plastic. 396 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281935

4. Implementation For commercial interiors projects where the project team may not have had the opportunity to design the fenestration, it is critical to select a building that supports daylighting.. The project team should determine if daylighting and direct line of sight to the outdoors is available. Some buildings' potential for natural daylighting is limited by site constraints or structures that prohibit daylight penetration. The project team should consider how the building's orientation could effect daylighting options and opt for designs with shallow floor plates, courtyards, atriums, clerestory windows, and skylights. The team should evaluate the potential to add interior light shelves, exterior fins, louvers, and adjustable blinds. See Figure I, which illustrates several daylighting strategies. Attention to daylight should also be addressed during the interior design phase of the building. Furniture systems and arrangement, wall partitions, surface color, and texture all have the potential to either hinder or enhance the occupants' thermal and visual comfort. Figure 1. Daylighting Strategies north facing skylight —\ exterior shading device interior light shelf light fixture with sensors dimming controls The desired amount of daylight will differ depending on the tasks occurring in a daylit space. Daylit spaces often have several daylight zones with differing target light levels. In addition to light levels, daylighting strategies should address interior color schemes, direct beam penetration, and integration with the electric lighting system. Glare control is perhaps the most common failure in daylighting strategies. Large window areas provide generous amounts of daylight to the task area. If not controlled properly, this daylight can produce unwanted glare and affect interior lighting quality. Measures to control glare include light shelves, louvers, blinds, fins, and shades. Typically low luminance ratios and lighting of primary surfaces will enhance visual quality. Glare control is required for each window. Computer modeling software can be used to simulate daylighting conditions. Daylighting software simulates the daylighting conditions of interior spaces at various times during the day and shows thecombined effects of multiple windows within a daylit space. Photo-responsive controls for electric lighting can be incorporated into daylighting strategies to maintain consistent light levels and to minimize occupant perception of the transition from 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 397 EFTA00281936

I EQ CI Credit 8.1 natural light to artificial light. These controls result in energy savings by reducing electric lighting in high daylight conditions while preserving foot-candle levels on the task surface. These types of automatic controls require commissioning and also measurement and verification attention. The selected building mayhave limited daylighting potential because of its orientation, number and size of building openings, and floor plate dimensions. Vertical site elements such as neighboring buildings and trees may reduce the potential for daylighting. Despite the known benefits of views in buildings, a clear downside is the increased likelihood that birds will fly into the windows. Perhaps as many as r billion birds die in this way each year. Larger areas of unfragmented or untreated glazing increase the risk. To reduce these collisions, consider treating the window glazing. Use exterior shading devices, introduce etched or fritt patterns, and/or create appropriate visual markers, such as differentiated planes, materials, textures, colors, opacity, or other features that help fragment glass reflections and reduce apparent overall transparency and reflectivity. 5. Timeline and Team During the predesign stage, the owner, architect, and engineers should discuss general lighting design and the goals for occupants' work environment. Daylighting performance of a potential tenant space should be considered during leasing. During schematic design and programming efforts, identify regularly occupied spaces and rooms as primary candidates for access to daylighting. The design team should work with the existingbuilding envelope to determine how to allocate the spaces and maximize their access to daylight. Also at this time, identify initial glare control device strategies and run daylighting simulations to assist in the design decisions. During the preparation of construction documents, the LEED calculations and/or computer simulation model should be developed in greater detail to inform the design decisions and verify compliance of the design. Refer again to the owner's project requirements. Use preliminary calculations to guide specifications for glare control devices. Once the design is complete, finalize the LEED calculations and supporting documentation. During construction, the design and construction team should confirm that the submitted products and systems meet the owner's project requirements, the design performance specifications, and the original design intent. During building operations, the owner should verify that occupants are not subject to glare and ensure that the installed glare control devices are performing as intended. 6. Calculations To calculate the daylighting zone prercentage, divide the aggregate of all daylit regularly occupied spaces by the aggregate area of all regularly occupied spaces in the project, both daylit and noncompliant areas. Calculating Regularly Occupied Areas Identify all regularly occupied spaces within the project and calculate their associated floor areas. For veterinary, boarding, or animal shelter facilities, include the area regularly occupied by the animals. Any spaces dedicated to tasks that would be compromised or hindered by the inclusion of daylighting should be identified and the reason for their exclusion should be explained, for documentation purposes, in a supporting narrative. Any exclusion must be based solely on the basis of the task performed in the space, not the length of time an occupant will spend there. In addition, exceptions to the requirement are solely based on visual considerations, not based on sound. 398 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281937

For consistency across LEED projects, the regularly occupied spaces and total area calculated for this credit should be consistent with the regularly occupied areas identified in other credits, such as IEQ Credit 8.3. However,exceptions for specialized areas dedicated to tasks that would be hindered by the use of daylight will be considered on their merits. Calculating Daylighting Performance The requirement can be met even if t00% of each room does not meet the minimum 25 footcandle requirement when using the daylight simulation and/or measurement methodologies. The portion of the room with a 25 footcandle minimum illumination counts toward the percentage of compliant area, and the portion ofthe space not meetingthe illumination criterion is included in the calculation of total area. For the calculation spreadsheet, enter the space portion that meets the illumination criterion and the space portion that does not. The square footage of all compliant spaces is tallied and then divided by the total square footage of all regularly occupied spaces. If the percentage is 75% or more, then the project qualifies fort point under this credit. If the percentage is 90%or more, the project qualifies for 2 points. See Table t. Table 1. Sample Daylighting Calculations Regularty Occupied Space ID Regularly Occupied Space Marne Regularly Occupied Space Area f sf) sideughtint vision Glass Sidelighting. DMIIMGM4 Glazing Toplightinfr Sawtooth Monitor TopIMMint Vertical Monitor Toplighting• Horizontal Sky ight Daylight Factor km (01 Ms Area GO Ms Area DO Tws Area (20 Tws Area HO Tvn 101 Office 520 120 0.9 40 0.7 0 NM 0 N/A 0 N/A 3.3 102 Office 330 30 0.9 5 0.7 0 NIA 0 N/A 0 N/A 1.8 103 Open once (Daylit Ma) 2250 330 0.9 110 0.7 0 WA 0 NIA 0 N/A 3.3 103 Open orrice INOnMaylit Areal 685 0 0.9 0 0.7 0 N/A 0 WA 0 N/A 0 104 Office 250 25 0.9 5 0.7 0 N/A 0 WA 0 WA 2.1 105 Office 250 25 0.9 5 0.7 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 WA 2.1 Total Regularly Occupied Space Area MO Total Regularly Occupied Space Area with a Minimum 2% Glazing Factor Perce tape of Re Wady Occ pied Space with a 2% Glazing 4585 3570 78% OPTION 1. Simulation • Create a daylight simulation model for the building or for each regularly occupied space with glazing. Include approximate glazing properties as well as representative surface reflectance settings for interior finishes. • For each applicable area, include a horizontal calculation grid at 30 inches above the floor, or measured at the appropriate desk or work height level for the intended use of the space. This represents the typical work plane height. The calculation grid should be set at a maximum of 5-foot intervals to provide a detailed illumination diagram for each area. • Calculate the daylight illumination for each applicable space using the following daylight criterion: clear-sky conditions at both 9:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. on the equinox (March 21 or September 21) for the project's geographic location. • Identify all regularly occupied rooms or areas. Determine the floor area of each space using 'EC( CI IEQ Credit 8.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 399 EFTA00281938

IEQ CI Credit 8.1 construction documents and enter the information on a spreadsheet. Provide the minimum illumination level (in footcandles), determined through the simulation model, for each space. ■ If the illumination for a room or area is a minimum of 25 footcandles and a maximum of soo footcandles, the square footage of the space counts toward the credit. If the project uses automated shades, the maximum footcandle requirement does not apply. ■ Dedicated theater spaces (not multipurpose rooms) must meet an illuminance of to footcandles, as recommended in the IESNA Lighting Handbook Reference and Application. ■ Multipurpose rooms must be included in the credit calculations. Because some activities in these spaces may be hindered by daylight, effective shades and lighting controls should be included in the design. ■ Sum the square footage of all daylit rooms or areas and divide by the total square footage of all regularly occupied spaces. If this percentage is 75%or more, then the project qualifies fort or more points under this credit. Note that glare control is also required for each window. Create another spreadsheet entry that identifies the type of glare control applied to each window type. The type of glare control selected for each window does not affect the daylight calculations. To control glare, use any of the following common strategies: • Fixed exterior shading devices • Exterior light shelves • Interior light shelves ■ Interior blinds and louvers • Operable draperies and blinds ■ Fritted glazing ■ Electronic blackout glazing OPTION 2. Prescriptive Side Lighting This option provides a relatively simple method of determining whether the daylighting requirements are met. It is applicable to many standard building designs, primarily rectangular floor plates with a central core. The project team needs the following basic information to determine compliance: ■ Window head height ■ Window sill height ■ Window width (per bay) ■ Baywidth ■ Bay depth to core ■ VLT (Tvis) ■ Floor area (per bay) Perform the following calculation for each bay condition in the building (north-south, east- west and corner): 400 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281939

• Determine the window area (WA) for the bay. This is the window head height less the window sill height that is 30 inches or more above the floor, multiplied by the window width(s) per bay. • Determine whether the window head height can contribute to this credit, or if an adjusted head height must be used. Draw a 63-degree angle from the vertical, in section, from the window head to the floor. lithe ceiling obstructs this line, a modified head height must be used. Draw a 63-degree angle from the vertical, in section, using the ceiling corner that obstructed the previous line as a starting point. The point at which this line intersects the window is the modified head height. See Figure a below. Determine the floor area (FA) for the typical bay. This is the bay width multiplied by the bay depth to core. • Determine the ratio of the window area to the floor area (WFR)—that is, WAWA. • Determine the ratio ofvisible light transmittance to window to floor area—that is, (VLT) (WFR). • If the result is between 0.150 and 0.18o, the bay counts toward meeting the requirement. Each bay condition in the building must meet this requirement. Figure 2. Sample Modified Window Head Height and Daylight Zone :4P4 .• • 4 • 4 • •• • • it ect..92, 47 ItelitaiXanctix ♦ 00 0 •04 Dropped Ceiling 3° •-•-• • • • • • I • -.44.04•4•4•4•4•;•;•;•;•;•;tri.tiVi 4.4•.•,•_•_•„• -•-•_••. Attl..4,41.16 a. a A.A..... 11 • 4 0 41, Modified Daylight Zone 2H Daylight Zone Head Height (H) IEQ CI Credit 8.1 LW I IL;‘,. LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN IN I LwUk ULSIUN AND LUNSTRLICTION 401 EFTA00281940

IEQ CI Credit 8.1 Table 2. Sample Prescriptive Calculation NR bay EM bay Comer Bay Window head height 10 10 10 Window sill height 2.5 2.5 2.5 Window Width (per bay) 19 19 78 Bay width 20 20 40 Bay width to core 40 40 40 VLT (t,„) 0.86 0.86 0.45 WA Window daylight height 7.5 7.5 7.5 Window area (WA) 142.5 142.5 585 FA Floor area (FA) 800 800 1600 WFR.(WANA) 0.178125 0.178125 (VLT) (WFR) 0.1531875 0.1531875 Area effected by glare North facade NoviDec mornings East facade all morning Refer to WSIEMI notes South facade almost entire day West facade all afternoon Glare control measure (refer to wall section details) north facade - interior adjustable blinds specified for all windows facing north south facade - exterior light shelves and interior adjustable blinds at full length of facade east facade - interior adjustable blinds specified for all windows facing east west facade - exterior light shelves and interior adjustable blinds at full length of facade Top-Lighting Daylight Zone This method is applicable for many standard building designs and may be particularly useful for single-floor retail developments. The project team needs the following basic information to determine compliance: ■ Area of skylights (SA) VLT (Tvis) of skylights • Roof area (RA) • Distance between skylights • Measured haze value of skylight diffuser Perform the following calculation fora typical building condition: • Determine the skylight roof coverage, which is the ratio of area of skylights to area of roof—that is, (SA/RA) (1OO). . Confirm that the skylight diffuser is greater than 90%. • Determine the daylight zone(s) in square feet below the skylight, based on the prescriptive criteria. ■ Evaluate the total area (in square feet) of the daylight zone(s). ■ If this total area is 75% or more of the area of the regularly occupied spaces in the building, the requirement has been met. 402 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281941

Figure 3. Top-Lighting Daylight Zone CI '35< Permanent ParHien Daylit Area Combined Side-Lighting and Top-Lighting Daylight Zone For buildings that have both side-lighting and top-lighting conditions, a combination of the above a methodologies can be utilized to demonstrate compliance. OPTION 3 Only the square footage associated with the portions of rooms or spaces meeting the minimum illumination requirements may be counted in the calculations. Projects pursuing this option must provide daylight redirection and/or glare control devices to avoid high-contrast situations that could impede visual tasks. Exceptions for areas where tasks would be hindered by daylight will be considered on their merits. • Create a spreadsheet that identifies all regularly occupied rooms or areas. Determine the floor area of each space using construction documents. • Take field measurements of footcandle levels at 30 inches above the floor within all regularly occupied areas, or measured at the appropriate desk or work height level for the intended use of the space. • Record indoor light measurements of all regularly occupied spaces on a to-foot grid on project floor plans. Include room identification labels and/or notes regarding intended uses on the plans to match the spaces listed on the spreadsheet. • Enter the illumination level (in footcandles), determined through the field measurements for each space.Areas with a minimum z5-footcandle illumination contribute toward credit compliance. See Table 3. • Sum the square footage of all daylit spaces and divide by the total square footage of all regularly occupied spaces. If this percentage is 75% or more, the project qualifies for 1 point under this credit. Glare control is also required for each window. Create another spreadsheet entry that identifies the type of glare control applied to each window type. The strategies in Option I provide best- practice glare control measures for different window types. OPTION 4 The above calculation methods may be combined to document the minimum daylight illumination in at least 75% of all regularly occupied spaces. For all projects using this option, only the square footage of the compliant portions of rooms or spaces applies toward the 75% Credit 8.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 403 EFTA00281942

I EQ CI Credit 8.1 minimum. The methods used in each space must be clearly recorded on a minimum to-foot grid on all building plans. All projects using this option must provide glare control devices to avoid high-contrast situations that could impede visual tasks. Exceptions for areas where tasks would be hindered by the use of daylight will be considered on their merits. Dedicated theater spaces (not multipurpose rooms) must meet an illuminance of tofootcandles, as recommended in the IESNA Lighting Handbook Reference and Application. Multipurpose rooms must be included in the credit calculations. Because some activities in these spaces may be hindered by daylight, effective shades and lighting controls should be included in the design. Table 3. Sample Day ighting Measurement SF within Grid Foot candle Compliant an Room 101 point 1 100 60 100 point 2 100 60 100 point 3 75 34 75 point 4 37 24 0 Room 102 point 1 100 55 100 point 2 57 21 0 point 3 100 25 100 Total 569 475 83% 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Develop documentation—such as floor plans, sections, and elevations—showing the glare control methods used on the project. ■ Maintain documentation—such as floor plans, sections, and elevations—showing the location of regularly occupied spaces with a qualifying amount of daylight. ■ Develop a spreadsheet documenting the daylight factors outlined in the Calculations section to account for changes in design. ■ If using daylight simulation, update the computer model as the design progresses. 404 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281943

8. Examples Figure 4. Sample Daylight Simulation Model Output 9. Exemplary Performance The availabilityofz pointsin IEQCredit8.1, Daylight andViews—Daylight,precludes theopportunity to earn a third point using the same criteria. 10. Regional Variations The building site orientation and its specific regional location will directly influence the available daylight throughout the day and during the year. For instance, in northern latitudes, winter days are short, and building occupants might spend the entire period of daylight inside. Seasonal variances in the sun's daily path should be evaluated during the project design development to minimize the potential for glare inside the building while maximizing the use of functional daylighting. The consistent availability of adequate daylight at a particular project site will also affect the potential for reduction in lighting power demand through the use of daylighting strategies, such as incorporation ofphotoresponsive controls forperimeterlightingzones.VVhenbuildingglazing systems,balance the visible light transmittance with overall building energy performance goals to minimize undesirable heat loss and/or gain through the glazing. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Glazing and shading systems should be regularly cleaned and maintained. Likewise, windows and skylights require periodic sealant and flashing inspections to ensure water tightness. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (lt : .usb ags,oadmojesttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites The Art of Daylighting This Environmental Design + Construction article provides a solid introduction to daylighting. New Buildings Institute's Productivity and Building Science Program http://wwwnewbuildings.orgidovmloadslphotometrics8Ds.3. photometry.pdf This report provides case studies and information on the benefits of daylighting. IE0 CI Credit 8.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 405 EFTA00281944

I EQ CI Credit 8.1 Radiance Software http://radsite.lbl.goviradiance/ This site offers free daylighting simulation software from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Tips for Daylighting with Windows http:fibtech.lbl.go_yipubidesignguidei This site offers a comprehensive daylightingguide from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Whole Building Design Guide, Daylighting Whole Building Design Guide, Electric Lighting Controls http://www.wbc1g.orgfresourcesjelectriclighting.php?r=schooLlibrary The Daylighting and Electric Lighting Controls sections provide a wealth of resources including definitions, fundamentals, materials, and tools. Print Media Architectural Lighting, 2nd edition, by M. David Egan and Victor Olgyay, (McGraw-Hill, 2002). DaylightingDesign,by Benjamin Evans, Time-SaverStandards for Architectural Design Data (McGraw- Hill, Inc.,1997). Daylighting for Sustainable Design, by Mary Guzowski (McGraw-Hill, Inc.,1999). Daylighting Pezfonnance and Design, by Gregg D. Ander (John Wiley & Sons0.997). Sustainable Building Technical Manual (Public Technology Institute,1996): http://www.pti.org. Biophzlic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, by Kellert, Heenvagen, and Mador (John Wiley & Sons, 2008). 13. Definitions Daylighting is the controlled admission of natural light into a space through glazing to reduce or eliminate electric lighting. Daylighting creates a stimulating and productive environment for building occupants. Daylighting zone is the total floor area that meets the performance requirements for daylighting. Glare is any excessively bright source of light within the visual field that creates discomfort or loss invisibility. Regularlyoccupied spaces in commercial buildings are areaswhere people sitor stand as theywork. In residential applications these spaces include all living and family rooms and exclude bathrooms, closets, or other storage or utility areas. Window-to-floor ratio (WFR) is the total area of the window (measured vertically from 30 inches above the finished floor to the top of the glass, multiplied by the width of the glass) divided by the floor area. 406 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281945

DAYLIGHT AND VIEWS-VIEWS FOR SEATED SPACES a Credit IEQ Credit 8.2 Points 1 point Intent To provide the building occupants a connection to the outdoors through the introduction of daylight and views into the regularly occupied areas of the tenant space. Requirements Achieve a direct line of sight to the outdoor environment via vision glazing between 3o inches and 90 inches above the finish floor for building occupants in 90% of all regularly occupied areas. Determine the area with a direct line of sight by totaling the regularly occupied square footage that meets the following criteria • In plan view, the area is within sight lines drawn from perimeter vision glazing. • In section view, a direct sight line can be drawn from a point 4z inches above the floor (typical seated eye height) to perimeter vision glazing. The line of sight may be drawn through interior glazing. For private offices, the entire square footage of the office may be counted if 75% or more of the area has a direct line of sight to perimeter vision glazing. If less than 7595 of the area has a direct line of sight, only the area with the direct line of sight count toward meetingthe credit requirement. For multi-occupant spaces, the actual square footage with a direct line of sight to perimeter vision glazing is counted. IEQ CREDIT 8.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 407 EFTA00281946

I ER CI Credit 8.2 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Providing access to views of the outdoors through the incorporation of vision glazing enables building occupants to maintain a visual connection to the surrounding environment. The additional glazed area may reduce the need for interior electric lighting, resulting in decreased energy use. This conserves natural resources and reduces air pollution impacts due to energy production and consumption. When designing for maximum views and daylighting, designers must evaluate and balance a number of environmental factors, including heat gain and loss, glare control, visual quality, and variations in daylight availability. Appropriate shading devices to control glare must be utilized to provide a high level ofvisual comfort. Economic Issues Refer to the Economic Issues section in IEQ Credits 8.2. 2. Related Credits Increasing the area of vision glazing is likely to provide greater daylight access to the building interior. The following credit has related requirements: ■ IEQ Credit 8.1: Daylight and Views—Daylight 75% of Spaces Vision glazing has a direct correlation to lighting design energy conservation strategies. The interior lighting systems design can be used to maximize the energy savings by providing daylighting controls, and HVAC perimeter zones may be required to address temperature differences adjacent to glazing. Refer to these a credits: • EA Credit 1.2: Optimize Energy Performance—Lighting Controls • EA Credit 2.3: Optimize Energy Performance—HVAC 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit. 4. Implementation successful strategy is to locate open plan areas along the exterior walls while placing private offices and areas not regularly occupied in the core of the building. This configuration maintains the optimum number of available views. The line of sight used for the determination of horizontal views is assumed to be 42 inches (the average height of one's eyes when sitting). Maintaining the views for spaces near the core is an important design objective. See Figure t. Figure 1. Horizontal View at 42 Inches 408 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281947

Regularly occupied spaces include office spaces, conference rooms, and cafeterias. Areas that need not be considered include support areas for copying, storage, mechanical equipment, laundry, and restrooms. 5. Timeline and Team During space planning, regularly occupied spaces and rooms should be identified as high-priority candidates foraccess toviews. Duringthedesign phase,the entiredesignteam—the owner,architect, and interior designer—should take an integrated approach to allocating regularly occupied spaces along the interior building perimeter. During the preparation of construction documents, the LEED calculations should be developed in greater detail to inform the design decisions and verify the compliance of the building design. Once the design is complete, finalize the LEED calculations and supporting documentation. 6. Calculations Two calculations are required to determine compliance. One, using the direct line of sight to perimeter glazing, determines whether 90% of the regularly occupied area has the potential for views. It is based on vision glazingbetween 30 inches and 90 inches above the floor and the location of full-height interior partitions. Movable furniture and partitions are included in the scope of this credit calculation. See Figure 2. The other uses the horizontal view at a typical seated eye height to determine access to views. Figure 2. Direct Line of Sight o Perimeter Vision Glazing PERIMETER MN OFFICE INTERIOR OFFICE 1 Determining Direct Line of Sight to Perimeter Vision Glazing • Create a spreadsheet and identify all regularly occupied areas. Determine the floor area (square footage) of each applicable space using construction documents. • Using a floor plan, determine the fraction of the regularly occupied area that has direct line of sight to the outdoors for each window. The line of sight can pass through 2 interior glazing surfaces but not through doorways with solid doors. See Figure 2. IE Q CI Credit 8.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 409 EFTA00281948

I EQ CI Credit 8.2 • For private offices, if the percentage of floor area with direct line of sight is 75% or more (i.e., only the corners are noncompliant), enter the entire square footage of that room in the spreadsheet (Table 1) as meeting the credit requirement. If less than 75% of the room has a direct line of sight, estimate the compliant floor area and enter that value. • For multioccupant spaces, such as conference rooms and classrooms, estimate the actual square footage with a direct line of sight to perimeter vision glazing. Determining Horizontal View at Seated Eye Height • Using representative building sections, draw a line at 42 inches (typical seated eye height) across the section to establish eye height and any obstruction to the perimeter glazing. Draw t or more representative sight lines from a point at eye height in the regularly occupied space to the perimeter vision glazing (Figure 0. • For each space with a horizontal view at seated eyeheight, enter yes in the spreadsheet (Table O. If a room has direct line of sight on the floor plan but does not have an unobstructed view at eye height, the floor area does not count toward the requirement; enter no. • Total the areas that meet all the abovecriteria anddividethe sum bythe total regularlyoccupied area to determine whether the building meets the 90% access to views requirement. Table 1. Views Compliance Room Regularly Occupied Floc( Area (so Plan Area of Direct Line of Sight to Perimeter Vision Glazing (s0 Calculated Area of Direct Line of Sight to Perimeter Vision Glaring (s0 Holizoinatal View at 42 Inches (Yes/No) Compliant Area (s0 101 Office 820 790 820 Yes 820 102 Office 330 280 330 Yes 330 103 Open office 4.935 4,641 4,641 Yes 4,641 104 Office 250 201 250 No 0 105 Office 25D 175 175 Yes 175 Total 6,585 5,966 Percent access to views (5,96616 585) 90 5% credit earned 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • Maintain documentation—such as floor plans, sections, and elevations—showing the location of regularly occupied spaces with views. • Maintain a spreadsheet documenting the view area as outlined in the Calculations section to account for any changes in design. 8. Examples The following example demonstrates the percentage of spaces with access to views that could be realized for an 80,000 square foot office building. The floor plan was designed to locate private offices toward the inside the building. 96% of views are achieved, which meets the threshold for this credit. 410 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281949

Figure 3. Sample Floor Plan Excerpt Figure 4. Direc Line of Sight to Exterior through Interior Window over Low Partition C! Credit S.2 LUI I ION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CUNSINULIIUN 411 EFTA00281950

IEQ CI Credit 8.2 Table 2. Sample Calculations Excerpt Room Descripton Floor area (sf) Horizontal view at 42" Views (sf) 216 Open office 4.405 Y 4.405 220 Office 136 r 136 222 Office 115 r 115 223 Conference 198 Y 197 224 Office 115 Y 115 225 Open office 224 Y 0 226 Office 120 Y 120 227 Conference 169 Y 161 232 Office 132 Y 132 Totals 5.634 5.381 Percentages of Area with Views: (5.38115,634) 96% 9. Exemplary Performance Exemplary performance may be demonstrated for this credit by meeting 2 of the 4 following measures: I. 90% or more of regularly occupied spaces have multiple lines of sight to vision glazing in different directions at least go degrees apart. 2.90% or more of regularly occupied spaces have views that include views of at least 2 of the following:!) vegetation, a) human activity or 3) objects at least 70 feet from the exterior of the glazing. 3.90% or more of regularly occupied spaces have access to unobstructed views located within the distance of 3 times the head height of the vision glazing. 4.90% or more of regularly occupied spaces have access to views with a view factor of 3 or greater, per the Heschong Mahone Group study, Windows and Offices; A Study of Office Worker Polonnance and the Indoor Environment,page 47,for their primaryview (seated at workstation, facing computer screen). See: httpth-m-g.comfdownloads/Daylightingiday_registration_ form.htm to download the report at no charge. 10. Regional Variations Available duration and potency of solar radiation can directly impact the heat gain through glazing systems. Consideration should be given when selecting glazing systems to minimize undesirable heat loss and gain through the glazing. The visual appeal of the exterior environment greatly impacts the subjective quality of the views. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Glazing and shading systems should be regularly cleaned and maintained. Windows and skylights require periodic sealant and flashing inspections to ensure water tightness. Additionally, any landscaping that may provide for high-quality views should be well maintained. 12. Resources See USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.usgbc.org/projecttools) for additional resources and technical information. 412 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281951

Websites Whole Building Design Guide, Daylighting http://www.wbdg.orgfresourcesj_d__aylighting.php Whole Building Design Guide, Electric Lighting Controls http://ww.wbdg.orgiresourcesielectriclighting.php?r=schooLlibrary The Daylighting and Electric Lighting Controls sections provide a wealth of resources including definitions, fundamentals, materials, and tools. Print Media Sustainable Building Technical Manual (Public Technology Institute, 1996): http://www.pti.org. Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, by Kellert, Heerwagen, and Mador (John Wiley& Sons, 2008). 13. Definitions Daylighting is the controlled admission of natural light into a space through glazing to reduce or eliminate electric lighting. Direct Line of Sight to Perimeter Vision Glazing is the approach used to determine the calculated area of regularly occupied areas with direct line of sight to perimeter vision glazing. The area determination includes full height partitions and other fixed construction prior to installation of furniture. Glare is any excessivelybright source of light within the visual field that creates discomfort or loss in visibility. Regularly occupied spaces in commercial buildings are areas where people sit or stand as they work; in residential applications these spaces are living and family rooms. Visible light transmittance (Tvis) is the ratio of total transmitted light to total incident light (i.e., the amount of visible spectrum, 380-78o nanomater light passing through a glazing surface divided by the amount of light striking the glazing surface). The higher the Tvis value, the more incident light is passing through the glazing. Vision glazing is that portion ofexterior windows above 30 inches and below 9c inches that permits a view to the outside. Endnotes U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health Buildings, Healthy People: A Vision for the 21st Century.. 2001. http://www.epa.govfiaqfhbhp/hbhptoc.html (accessed Nlay 2008). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Unfinished Business: A Comparative Assessment of Environmental Problems. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA,1987. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Reducing Risk: Setting Priorities and Strategies for Environmental Protection. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA, 1990. ' U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Indoor Air in Large Buildings. 2002. http://www.epa.govf iacUlargebldgsfrbeamitext/budgets accounts.html (accessed May2008). 5 Fisk, WI "Health and Productivity Gains from Better Indoor Environments and Their Relationship with Building Energy Efficiency." Annual Rev. Energy Environ. 25 (2000):537-66. Rocky Mountain Institute. "Greening the Building and the Bottom Line." http://www.rmlorg/ images/PDFs/BuildingsLand/D94-27_GBBL.pdf (accessed November 2008). This assumes that $100,000 in IAQ improvements are invested. Damiano, Leonard, and David Dougan. The Big Carrots: Productivity and Health. Ebtron, Inc., 2003. http://vnvw. automatedbuildings.cominews/aproa/articlesiebtronfebtron.hun. (accessed May2008). IEQ CI Credit 8.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 413 EFTA00281952

IEQ 9 '0 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. "Smoking and Tobacco Control Monographic)." Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke. N1H, 1999. http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/10/ m io_complete.pdf (accessed May 2008). Ibid. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General. Women and Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. 2001. http:J/www.cdc.gov/ tobacco/sgrisgr_fonvomen/index.htm. (accessed May 2008). Prill, Rich. Why Measure Carbon Dioxide in Buildings?. Washington State University Extension Energy Program. 2000. http://WWW.ellergy.WSU.CdUMOCUMCMOUlidillgilaq/CO2111blacillIgS.pdi (accessed November 2008). Goren, A., S. Hellman, A. Gabbay, and S. Brenner. "Respiratory problems associated with exposure to airborne particles in the community." Archives of Environmental Health 54 (1999). Chen, Allen, and Edward L. Vine. A Scoping Study on the Costs of Indoor Air Quality Illnesses: An Insurance Loss Reduction Perspective. 1998. http://eetd.lbl.gov/insurance-research/PUBS/LBNL- 419J9,pdf. (accessed May 2008). Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke—Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph 10. 1999. http://cancercontrol.cancengovitcrbimonographshoimio_complete.pdf (accessed May 2008). Americans for Non-Smokers' Rights. "Americans for Non-Smokers' Rights: Smoke-free Lists, Maps, and Data." http://www.no-smoke.org.goingsmokefreg.php?id=519. (accessed September 2008). Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. "Health Effects of Carbon Dioxide Gas." 1997 http://v,ww.ccohs.caloshanswersichemicals/chem_profiles/carbon dioxide/health cd.html (accessed May 2008). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency "Why Study Human Health Indoors?" Healthy Buildings, Healthy People: A Vision for the 21st Century. 2001. http://www.epa.gogiaq/hbhp/section 1.pdf (accessed May 2008). Rocky Mountain Institute. "Greening the Building and the Bottom Line." http://www.rmi.org/ images/PDFs/BuildingsLand/D94-27_GBBL.pdf (accessed November 2008). Rocky Mountain Institute. Green Development: Integrating Ecology and Real Estate. Wiley, 1998.. Rocky Mountain Institute. "Greening the Building and the Bottom Line." http://wwvcrmi.org/ images/PDFs/BuildingsLand/D94-27_GBBL.pdf (accessed November 2008). Abraham, Loren E. Sustainable Building Technical Manual: Green Building Design, Construction, and Operations. Public Technology Inc. and U.S. Green Building Counci1,1996. 414 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281953

DKRUEZDU 11H OMEN Overview Sustainabledesign strategies andmeasures are constantlyevolving and improving. New technologies are continuallyintroduced to the marketplace, and up-to-date scientific research influences building design strategies. The purpose of this LEED category is to recognize projects for innovative features and sustainable building strategies and practices. Occasionally, a strategy results in performance that greatly exceeds what is required in an existing LEED credit. Other strategies may not be addressed by any LEED prerequisite or credit but warrant consideration for their sustainability benefits. In addition, LEED is most effectively implemented as part of an integrated design process, and this category addresses the role of a LEED Accredited Professional in facilitating that process. Implementing New Technologies and Methods As the building design and construction industry introduces new strategies for sustainable development, opportunities leading to additional environmental benefits will continue to emerge. Opportunities that are not currently addressed by LEED for Commercial Interiors may include environmental solutions specific to a particular location, condition, or region. With all sustainable strategies and measures, it is important to consider related environmental impacts. Project teams must be prepared to demonstrate the environmental benefit of innovative strategies and are encouraged to pursue opportunities that provide benefits of particular significance. Project teams can earn exemplary performance points by implementing strategiesthat result in performance that greatly exceeds the level or scope required by an existing LEED prerequisite or credit. Exemplary performance opportunities are noted throughout this reference guide. CREDIT TITLE ID Credit 1 ID Credit 2 Innovation in Design LEED* Accredited Professional ID OVERVIEW 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 415 EFTA00281954

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INNOVATION IN DESIGN Credit ID Credit 1 Points 1-5 points Intent To provide design teams and projects the opportunity to achieve exceptional performance above the requirements set by the LEED Green Building Rating System and/or innovative performance in Green Building categories not specifically addressed by the LEED Green Building Rating System. Requirements Credit can be achieved through any combination of the Innovation in Design and Exemplary Performance paths as described below: PATH 1. Innovation in Design (1-5 points) Achieve significant, measurable environmental performance using a strategy not addressed in the LEED 2009 for Commercial Interiors Rating System. One point is awarded for each innovation achieved. No more than s points under IDci may be earned through PATH s—Innovation in Design. Identify the following in writing: • The intent of the proposed innovation credit ■ The proposed requirements for compliance • The proposed submittals to demonstrate compliance • The design approach (strategies) used to meet the requirements. PATH 2. Exemplary Performance (1-3 points) Achieve exemplary performance in an existing LEED 2,009 for Commercial Interiors prerequisite orcredit that allows exemplary performance as specified in the LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Interior Design, 2,009 Edition. An exemplary performance point may be earned for achieving double the credit requirements and/or achieving the next incremental percentage threshold of an existing credit in LEED. One point is awarded for each exemplary performance achieved. No more than 3 points under IDci maybe earned through PATH 2— Exemplary Performance. ID CREDIT 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 417 EFTA00281956

ID CI Credit 1 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Sustainable design comes from innovative strategies and thinking. Institutional measures to reward such thinking—like the achievement of this credit—benefit our environment. Recognition of the exceptional will spur further innovation. 2. Related Credits Every LEED for Commercial Interiors (CI) credit holds ideas for Innovation in Design points and strategies. Refer to the Exemplary Performance section of each credit in this reference guide. 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There is no standard referenced for this credit. Please refer to the Summaryof Referenced Standards section in each credit for relevant standards. 4. Implementation Credits in this section may be earned by documenting increased benefits to the environment in 1 of a ways: Exemplary Performance Strategy Exemplary performance strategies result in performance that greatly exceeds the level or scope required by existing LEED for Commercial Interiors prerequisites or credits. As a rule of thumb, ID credits for exemplary performance are awarded for doubling the credit requirements and/or achieving the next incremental percentage threshold. For instance, to achieve an ID credit for exemplary performance in MR Credit 4, Recycled Content, the total recycled value must be 3()%or greater. Exemplary performance is not available for all credits in LEED CI. Credits that allow exemplary performance through a predetermined approach are noted throughout this reference guide and the LEED-Online credit templates. A maximum of 3 ID points can be earned for exemplary performance. Innovative Strategies Innovative strategies are those that are not addressed by any existing LEED credits. Only those strategies that demonstrate a comprehensive approach and have significant, measurable environmental benefits are applicable. There are 3 basic criteria for achieving an innovation credit fora category not specifically addressed by LEED: 1. The project must demonstrate quantitative performance improvements for environmental benefit (establishing a baseline of standard performance for comparison with the final design). a. The process or specification must be comprehensive. For example, a team that is considering applying for an innovation creditfor agreenhousekeepingprogramwould needto demonstrate that the program applies to the entire project being certified under LEED. Measures that address a limited portion of a project or are not comprehensive in other ways are not eligible. 3. The concept the project team develops for the innovation credit must be applicable to other projects and must be significantly better than standard sustainable design practices. ID credits awarded for 1 project at a specific point in time do not constitute automatic approval for similar strategies in a future project. ID credits are not awarded for the use of a particular product or design strategy if the technology aids in the achievement of an existing LEED credit. 418 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281957

Approved II) credits may be pursued byany LEED project, but the project team must sufficiently document the achievement using the LEED credit equivalence process. 5. Timeline and Team Innovation in Design ideally begins at a project's conception, but it can become part of the project at any step of the process and come from any member of the project team. Open-mindedness, creativity, and rigor in follow-through are the critical ingredients. Options for innovation may come from the spheres of the technological—for example, an inventive wall section for climate control— or the general, such as educational outreach measures. Thus, team members with a variety of skills and interests will be able to contribute to the achievement of this credit. 6. Calculations For exemplary performance, please refer to the Calculations section in each credit. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Document the process by which the project team has worked to develop andlor implement environmental benefits beyond the requirements set by the LEED Green Building Rating System and/or innovative performance in other areas. ■ Track development and implementation of the specific exceptional and innovative strategies used. 8. Examples The level of effort involved in achieving an ID credit should be extraordinary. For example, installing a single green product or addressing a single aspect of a sustainability issue is not a sufficient level of effort. An environmental educational program consisting of simple signage in a building would not by itself be considered a significant benefit. Conversely, a visitor's center interactive display, coupled with an educational website and video highlighting the project's environmental strategies, would be eligible for an ID credit Suggested Topics for Innovation Credits The following list illustrates sample actions and concepts that may be viable candidates for an ID credit, given appropriate implementation and documentation. It is the responsibility of the project team to determine the feasibility of possible ID-related programs or initiatives, develop and execute the program in a manner that yields a meaningful environmental benefit, and provide documentation and calculations that substantiate the validity of the project team's approach and implementation. Project teams are encouraged to explore the full range of innovative opportunities within their buildings. This list provides examples only and does not constitute formal preapproval of any ID strategy. Project teams desiring formal preapproval of an ID strategy must submit a Credit Interpretation Request and explain the proposal in detail. ■ Provide an educational program on the environmental and human health benefits of green building practices and how building occupants or the public can help improve green performance. Evaluate results and refine the program to increase its impact and audience as appropriate. The program must be actively instructional and include at least a instructional initiatives that have ongoing components. Types of initiatives might include the following: ID CI Credit 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 419 EFTA00281958

ID CI Credit 1 t. A comprehensive signage program or displays inside the building to educate occupants and visitors on the benefits of green buildings. Examples include windows to view energy-saving mechanical equipment, signs that call attention to water-conserving landscape features, and digital screens showing real-time energy consumption or building performance data. 2. A case study highlighting the successes of the LEED project that could be used to inform the operations of other buildings. 3. Guided tours focusing on sustainability, using the project as an example. 4. An educational outreach program that engages occupants or the public through periodic events covering green building topics. S. A website or electronic newsletter that informs building occupants and visitors about the building's features and green strategies they can practice at home. ■ Evaluate a substantial quantity of products or materials being used (or being considered for use in the building) on the basis of an ISO 14040 life-cycle assessment. ■ Divert significant volumes of waste generated from sources other than the project building site and associated grounds via expanded waste management and diversion programs. For example, provide a collection and recycling program that allows building occupants or members of the community to bring in end-of-life home electronic equipment for recycling. 9. Regional Variations ID credits may have regional content. For example, in temperate climates, projects with operable windows may elect to install ceiling fans and eliminate central air-conditioning altogether. The exclusive use of natural ventilation in this instance might be worthy of an ID point. Extraordinary designs that use the vernacular architectural strategies of the region may be among the most environmentally sound. Project teams should look to the characteristic buildings of their region as a source for innovation. 420 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281959

LEED@ ACCREDITED PROFESSIONAL Credit ID Credit 2 Points 1 point Intent To supportand encourage the design integration required byLEEDto streamline the application and certification process. Requirements At least t principal participant of the project team shall be a LEED Accredited Professional (AP). ID CREDIT 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 421 EFTA00281960

ID CI Credit 2 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider LEED APs have the expertise required to design a building to LEED standards and to coordinate the documentation process that is necessary for LE ED certification. The LEED AP understands the importance ofintegrateddesign and the need to consider interactions between theprerequisites and credits and their respective criteria.Architects,engineers,consultants,ovmers,andotherswho have a strong interest in sustainable building design are all appropriate candidates for accreditation. The LEED AP should champion the project's LEED application and be an integral member of the project team. The LEED AP can also educate other team members about LEED and green buildings. 2. Summary of Referenced Standards LEED Accredited Professional Green Building Certification Institute www.gbci.org Individuals who successfully complete the LEED professional accreditation exam are LEED APs. Accreditation certifies that the individual has the knowledge and skills necessary to participate in the LEED application and certification process, holds a firm understanding of green building practices and principles, and is familiar with LEED requirements, resources, and processes. The Green Building Certification Institute (GBCI), established with the support of the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), handles exam development and delivery to ensure objective and balanced management of the credentialing program. 3. Implementation A LEED AP is a valuable resource in the LEED for Commercial Interiors process. Although not required, the presence of a LEED AP aids the project team in understanding the elements of the rating system, the importance of considering interactions among the prerequisites and credits, and the LEED application process. Including a LEED AP on the project team meets the credit requirements and can be accomplished in either of 2. ways: ■ Engaging an individual within the organization who is already a LEED AP to participate in the certification application process. ■ Hiring a LEED AP to support the project. Consider selecting a LEED AP experienced with LEED CI and industry best green practices in interior design and construction. 4. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Obtain confirmation from team members who are LEED APs or are planning to become LEED APs. 5. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http:fiwww.usgbc.orgibrojecttools) for additional resources and other technical information. Websites Green Building Certification Institute www.gbci.org GBCI administers the LEED Professional Accreditation program to ensure objective management 422 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDIT EFTA00281961

of the credential. GBCI manages exam development, registration, and delivery. It was established as a separately incorporated entity with the support of the USGBC. See the GBCI website for more information on workshops, testing locations, fees, and topics covered on the accreditation exam. 6. Definitions LEED Accredited Professionals (Alos) are individuals who have successfully completed the LEED professional accreditation exam. ID CI Credit 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 423 EFTA00281962

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HELM REMY Overview Because some environmental issues are unique to a locale, USGBC regional councils have identified distinct environmental zones within their areas and allocated six credits to encourage design teams to focus on regional priorities. A project that earns a Regional Priority credit automatically earns one point in addition to any points awarded for that credit. Up to four extra points can be earned in this way. Go to wt.vw.usgbc.org to learn more about the Regional Priority credits in your area. CREDIT TITLE RP Credit 1 Regional Priority RP OVERVIEW 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 425 EFTA00281964

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REGIONAL PRIORITY CI Credit Points RP Credit 1 1.4 points Intent To provide an incentive for the achievement of credits that address geographically specific environmental priorities. Requirements Earn 1-4 of the 6 Regional Priority credits identified by the USGBC regional councils and chapters as having environmental importance for a project's region. A database of Regional Priority Credits and their geographic applicability is available on the USGBC website, http:// www.usgbc.org/. One point is awarded for each Regional PriorityCredit achieved; no more than 4credits identified as Regional Priority credits may be earned. Projects outside of the U.S. are not eligible. RP CREDIT 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 427 EFTA00281966

RP CI Credit I 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Refer to the Benefits and Issues section under a particular Regional Priority credit. 2. Related Credits For a list of applicable credits, visit the Regional Priority database at www.usgbc.org. 3. Summary of Referenced Standards Refer to the standards for a particular Regional Priority credit. 4. Implementation Refer to the Implementation section under a particular Regional Priority credit. 5. Timeline and Team Identify Regional Priority credits early in the project timeline. 6. Calculations Refer to the Calculations section under a particular Regional Priority credit. 7. Documentation Guidance The Documentation Guidance section helps project teams prepare for formal certification application and complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements. Refer to the Documentation Guidance section under each Regional Priority credit and refer to LEED-Online for complete descriptions of all required documentation. 8. Examples Refer to the Examples section under a particular Regional Priority credit 9. Regional Variations Refer to the Regional Variations section under a particular Regional Priority credit. 10. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Refer to the Operations and Maintenance section under a particular Regional Priority credit 11. Resources See USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://vmsgbc.org(psojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. 12. Definitions Refer to the Definitions section under a particular Regional Priority credit. 428 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281967

GLOSSARY Adapted (or introduced) plants reliably grow well in a given habitat with minimal winter protection, pest control, fertilization, or irrigation once their root systems are established. Adapted plants are considered low maintenance and not invasive. Adaptive reuse is the renovation of a space fora purpose different from the original. An adhesive is any substance used to bond 1 surface to another by attachment. Adhesives include bonding primers, adhesive primers, and adhesive primers for plastics. (SCAQMD Rule t t68) Aerosol adhesive is an aerosol product in which the spray mechanism is permanently housed in a nonrefillable can. Designed for hand-held application, these products do not need ancillaryhoses or spray equipment. Aerosol adhesives include special-purpose spray adhesives, mist spray adhesives, and web spray adhesives. (SCAQMD Rule 1168) Agrifiber products are made from agricultural fiber. Examples include particleboard, medium- density fiberboard (MD?), plywood, oriented-strand board (OSB),wheatboard, and strawboard. Air-conditioning is the process of treating air to meet the requirements of a conditioned space by controlling its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and distribution. (ASH RAE 62.1-2007) Air-handlingunits (AHUs) aremechanicalindirectheating,ventilating,orair-conditioningsystems in which the air is treated or handled by equipment located outside the rooms served, usually at a central location, and conveyed to and from the rooms by a fan and a system of distributing ducts. (NEEB,1997 edition) Albedo is synonymous with solar reflectance. Alternative daily cover is material (other than earthen material) that is placed on the surface of the active face of a municipal solid waste landfill at the end of each operating day to control vectors, fires, odors, blowing litter, and scavenging. Alternative-fuel vehicles use low-polluting, nongasoline fuels such as electricity, hydrogen, propane, compressed natural gas, liquid natural gas, methanol, and ethanol. In LEED, efficient gas- electric hybrid vehicles are included in this group. Anticorrosive paints are coatings formulated and recommended foruse in preventing thecorrosion of ferrous metal substrates. Aquatic systems are ecologically designed treatment systems in which a diverse community of biological organisms (e.g., bacteria, plants, fish) treat wastewater. An aquifer is an underground water-bearing rock formation or group of formations that supply groundwater, wells, or springs. An area-weighted SRI is a weighted average calculation that may be performed for buildings with multiple roof surfaces to demonstrate that the total roof area has an average solar reflectance index equal to or greater than that of a theoretical roof 75% of whose surfaces have an SRI of 78 and 25% have an SRI of 30. Architectural porous sealant primer is a substance used as a sealant on porous materials. An assemblycan be eithera product formulated from multiple materials (e.g.,concrete) or a product made up of subcomponents (e.g., a workstation). 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 429 EFTA00281968

GLOSSARY Assembly recycled content is the percentage of material in a product that is either postconsumer or preconsumer recycled content. It is determined by dividing the weight of the recycled content by the overall weight of the assembly. The attendance boundary is used by school districts to determine which students attend what school based on where they live. Automatic fixture sensors are motion detectors that automatically turn on and turn off lavatories, sinks, water closets, and urinals. Sensors can be hard wired or battery operated. Baseline building performance is the annual energy cost fora building design intended for use as a baseline for rating above standard design, as defined in ANSIJASHRAWIESNA Standard 90.1-2007, Informative Appendix G. Baseline irrigation water use is the amount of water used by conventional irrigation in the region. Basis of design includes design information necessary to accomplish the owner's project requirements, including system descriptions, indoor environmental quality criteria, design assumptions, and references to applicable codes, standards, regulations, and guidelines. Bicycle racks, in LEED, include outdoor bicycle racks, bicycle lockers, and indoor bicycle storage rooms. Biochemical oxygen demand is a measure of how fast biological organisms use up oxygen in a body of water. It is used in water quality management and assessment, ecology, and environmental science. Biodiversity is the variety of life in all forms, levels, and combinations, including ecosystem diversity, species diversity, and genetic diversity. Biofuel-based energy systems are electrical power systems that run on renewable fuels derived from organic materials, such as wood by-products and agricultural waste. In LEED, biofuels include untreated wood waste (e.g., mill residues), agricultural crops or waste, animal waste and other organic waste, and landfill gas. Biofuel-based systems are power systems that run on renewable fuels derived from organic materials, such as wood by-products and agricultural waste. Examples of biofuels include untreated wood waste, agricultural crops and residues, animal waste, other organic waste, and landfill gas. Biological control is the use of chemical or physical water treatments to inhibit bacterial growth in cooling towers. Biomass is plant material from trees, grasses, or crops that can be converted to heat energy to produce electricity. Blackwaterdefinitionsvary,butwastewaterfromtoilets and urinals is alwaysconsideredblackwater. Wastewater from kitchen sinks (perhaps differentiated by the use of a garbage disposal), showers, or bathtubs is considered blackwater under some state or local codes. Bleed-off, or blowdown, is the release of a portion of the recirculating water from a cooling tower; this water carries dissolved solids that can cause mineral buildup. The breathing zone is the region within an occupied space between 3 and 6 feet above the floor and more than 2 feet from walls or fixed air-conditioning equipment. (AHSRAE 62.1-zo0a7) A brownfield is real propertywhose use maybe complicated by the presence or possible presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. 430 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281969

A building automation system (BAS) uses computer-based monitoring to coordinate, organize, and optimize building control subsystems, including lighting, equipment scheduling, and alarm reporting. Building density is the floor area of the building divided by the total area of the site (square feet per acre). Building footprint is the area on a project site used by the building structure, defined by the perimeter of the building plan. Parking lots, landscapes, and other nonbuilding facilities are not included in the building footprint. A campus or private bus is a bus or shuttle service that is privately operated and not available to the general public. In LEED, a campus or private bus line that falls within 14 mile of the project site and provides transportation service to the public can contribute to earning credits. Carbon dioxide (COs) levels are an indicator of ventilation effectiveness inside buildings. COz concentrations greater than 530 ppm above outdoor COz conditions generally indicate inadequate ventilation. Absolute concentrations of CO2. greater than 800 to 1,000 ppm generally indicate poor air quality for breathing. A carpool is an arrangement by which z or more people share a vehicle for transportation. Chain-of-custody(COC) is atrackingprocedurefor aproductfromthepointofharvestorextraction to its end use, including all successive stages of processing, transformation, manufacturing, and distribution. Chain-of-custody certification is awarded to companies that produce, sell, promote, or trade forest products after audits verify proper accounting of material flows and proper use of the Forest Stewardship Council name and logo. The COC certificate number is listed on invoices for nonlabeled products to document that an entity has followed FSC guidelines for product accounting. Chemical treatment includes the use of biocidal, conditioning, dispersant, and scale-inhibiting chemicals to control biological growth, scale, and corrosion in cooling towers. Alternatives to conventional chemical treatment include ozonation, ionization, and exposure to ultraviolet light. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are hydrocarbons that are used as refrigerants and cause depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Chum is the movement of workstations and people within a space. Climate change refers to any significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature, precipitation, or wind) lasting for an extended period (decades or longer). (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008) A coating is applied to beautify, protect, or provide a barrier to a surface. Flat coatings register a gloss of less than 15 on an 85-degree meter or less than 5 on a 60-degree meter. Nonflat coatings register agloss of 5 or greater on a 60-degree meter and agloss of 15 or greater on an 85-degree meter. (SCAQMD Rule 1113) Combined heat and power (CHP), or cogeneration, generates both electrical power and thermal energy from a single fuel source. Comfort criteria are specific design conditions that take into account temperature, humidity, air speed, outdoor temperature, outdoor humidity, seasonal clothing, and expected activity. (ASH RAE 55-2004) GLOSSARY 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 431 EFTA00281970

GLOSSARY Commissioning (Cx) is the process of verifying and documenting that a building and all of its systems and assemblies are planned, designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained to meet the owner's project requirements. The commissioning authority (CxA) is the individual designated to organize, lead, and review the completion of commissioning process activities. The CxA facilitates communication among the owner, designer, and contractor to ensure that complex systems are installed and function in accordance with the owner's project requirements. The commissioning cycle is the schedule of activities related to existing building commissioning, including the investigation and analysis, implementation, and ongoing commissioning. The commissioning plan is a document that outlines the organization, schedule, allocation of resources, and documentation requirements of the commissioning process. The commissioning process is a systematic quality-focused effort to ensure that building systems are designed, specified, procured, installed, and functioning in accordance with the owner's intent. The process uses planning, documentation, and verification of testing to review and oversee the activities of both designer and constructor. The commissioning report documents the commissioning process, including a commissioning program overview, identification of the commissioning team,and description ofthe commissioning process activities. Commissioning specification is the contract language used in the construction documents to detail the objective, scope, and implementation of the construction and acceptance phases of the commissioning process as developed in the design phase of the commissioning plan. This allows the construction contractor to ensure that these activities are considered in proposals for the construction work. The commissioning team includes those people responsible for working together to carry out the commissioning process. Completed design area is the total area of finished ceilings, floors, full-height walls and demountable partitions, interior doors, and built-in case goods in the completed project It does not include exterior windows and doors. Composite wood consists ofwood or plant particles or fibers bonded by a synthetic resin or binder. Examples include particleboard, medium-density fiberboard (MDF), plywood, oriented-strand board (OSB),wheatboard, and strawboard. Composting toilet system. See nonwater toilet system. The Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation,and LiabilityAct,orCERCLA, is more commonly known as Superfund. Enacted in 1.980, CERCLA addresses abandoned or historical waste sites and contamination by taxing the chemical and petroleum industries and providing federal authority to respond to releases of hazardous substances. A compressed worlcweek rearranges the standard workweek (5 consecutive 8-hour days in a week), increasing the dailyhours and decreasing the number of days in the work cycle. For example, instead of working 8-hour days Monday through Friday, employees work to-hour days for 4 days per week, or 9-hour days for 9 of to consecutive days. Concentration ratio is the ratio of the level ofdissolved solids in the recirculating water to the level found in the entering makeup water. A higher concentration ratio results from a lower bleed-off rate; increasing the ratio above a certain point, however, leads to scaling, and water savings diminish after a certain level. This ratio is also called the cycles of concentration. Cycles refers to the number of times dissolved minerals in the water are concentrated compared with makeup water, not to water flow over the tower or to on-off cycles. 432 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281971

Conditioned space is the part of a building that is heated or cooled, or both, for the comfort of occupants. (ASH RAE 62.1-2007) A constructed wetland is an engineered system designed to simulate natural wetland functions for water purification. In LEED, constructed wetlands are essentially treatment systems that remove contaminants from wastewater. Construction and demolition debris includes waste and recyclables generated from construction and from the renovation,demolition,or deconstruction ofpreezistingstructures. It does not include land-clearing debris, such as soil, vegetation, and rocks. Construction, demolition, and land-clearing debris includes all ofthe above plus soiLvegetation, and rock from land clearing. A construction IAQ management plan outlines measures to minimize contamination in a specific project buEding during construction and describes procedures to flush the buildingofcontaminants prior to occupancy. Contaminants are unwanted airborne elements that may reduce indoor air quality. (ASHRAE 62.1- 2007) Controls are mechanisms that allow occupants to direct power to devices (e.g., lights, heaters) or adjust devices or systems within in a range (e.g., brightness, temperature). Conventional irrigation refers to the most common irrigation system used in the region where the building is located. A conventional irrigation system commonly uses pressure to deliver water and distributes it through sprinkler heads above the ground. A cooling tower uses water to absorb heat from air-conditioning systems and regulate air temperature in a facility. Curfew hours are locally determined times when lighting restrictions are imposed. When no local or regional restrictions are in place,10:00.. is regarded as a default curfew time. Daylighting is the controlled admission of natural light into a space, used to reduce or eliminate electric lighting. Daylight-responsive lighting controls are photosensors used in conjunction with other switching and dimming devices to control the amount of artificial lighting in relationship to the amount and quality of natural daylight. Densely occupied space is an area with a design occupant density of 25 people or more per 1,000 square feet (40 square feet or less per person). Density factor (lcd) is a coefficient used in calculating the landscape coefficient. It modifies the evapotranspiration rate to reflect the water use of a plant or group of plants, particularly with reference to the density of the plant material. Design light output is the light output of lamps at 40% of their useful life. The development footprint is the area affected by development or by project site activity. Hardscape, access roads, parking lots, nonbuilding facilities, and the building itself are all included in the development footprint. A district energy system is a central energy conversion plant and transmission and distribution system that provides thermal energy to a group of buildings (e.g., a central cooling plant on a university campus). Central energy systems that provide only electricity are not included. Downstream equipment consists of all heating or cooling systems, equipment, and controls located within the project building and site associated with transporting thermal energy into heated GLOSSARY 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 433 EFTA00281972

GLOSSARY or cooled spaces. This includes the thermal connection or interface with the district energy system, secondary distribution systems in the building, and terminal units. Drip irrigation delivers water at low pressure through buried mains and submains. From the submains, water is distributed to the soil through a network of perforated tubes or emitters. Drip irrigation is a high-efficiency type of microirrigation. Durable goods have a useful life of 2 years or more and are replaced infrequently or may require capital program outlays. Examples include furniture, office equipment, appliances, external power adapters, televisions, and audiovisual equipment. The durable goods waste stream consists of durable goods leaving the project site that are fully depreciated and have reached the end of their useful lives for normal business operations. Ecological restoration is the process of assisting in the recovery and management of ecological integrity and includes biodiversity, ecological processes and structures, regional and historical context, and sustainable cultural practices. Ecologically appropriate site features are natural site elements that maintain or restore the ecological integrityof the site. Examples include native or adapted vegetation,water bodies, exposed rock, unvegetated ground, and other features that provide habitat value and are part of the historic natural landscape. An economizer is a device used to make building systems more energy efficient. Examples include HVAC enthalpy controls, which are based on humidity and temperature. An ecosystem is a basic unit of nature that includes a community of organisms and their nonliving environment linked by biological, chemical, and physical processes. An electrical conductivity (EC) meter measures the amount of nutrients and salt in water. Elemental mercury is pure mercury (rather than a mercury-containing compound), the vapor of which is commonly used in fluorescent and other lamp types. Embodied energy is the energy used during the entire life cycle of a product, including its manufacture, transportation, and disposal, as well as the inherent energy captured within the product itself. Emissions reduction reporting is the calculating, tracking, and documenting ofthe greenhouse gas emissions that result directly from energy use and other operations of a building. Emissivity is the ratio of the radiation emitted by a surface to the radiation emitted by a black body at the same temperature. An endangered species is threatened with extinction because of harmful human activities or environmental factors. An energy audit identifies how much energy a building uses and the purposes for which it is used, and identifies efficiency and cost-reduction opportunities. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers uses 3 levels of energy audits: walk-through analysis, energy survey and analysis, and detailed analysis of capital-intensive modifications. Energy conservation measures are installations or modifications of equipment or systems intended to reduce energy use and costs. An energy simulation model, or energy model, is a computer-generated representation of the anticipated energy consumption of a building. It permits a comparison of energy performance, given proposed energy efficiency measures, with the baseline. 434 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281973

An ENERGY STAR rating is a measure of a building's energy performance compared with that of similar buildings, as determined by the ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager. A score of so represents average building performance. Enhanced commissioning is a set of best practices that go beyond fundamental commissioning to ensure that building systems perform as intended by the owner. These practices include designating a commissioning authority prior to the construction documents phase, conducting commissioning design reviews, reviewing contractor submittals, developing a systems manual, verifying operator training, and performing a postoccupancy operations review. Entryway systems are designed to capture dirt and other debris from occupants entering the building; they can be open floor grates or grilles set over a recessed area. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), or secondhand smoke, consists of airborne particles emitted from the burning end of cigarettes, pipes, and cigars, and is exhaled by smokers. These particles contain about 4,000 compounds, up to 50 ofwhich are known to cause cancer. Erosion is a combination of processes or events by which materials of the earth's surface are loosened, dissolved, or worn away and transported by natural agents (e.g., water, wind, or gravity). Eutrophication is the increase in chemical nutrients, such as the nitrogen and phosphorus often found in fertilizers, in an ecosystem. The added nutrients stimulate excessive plant growth, promoting algal blooms or weeds. The enhanced plant growth reduces oxygen in the land and water, reducing water quality and fish and other animal populations. Evapotranspiration is the loss of water by evaporation from the soil and by transpiration from plants. It is expressed in millimeters per unit of time. Evapotranspiration (El) rate is the amount ofwater lost from a vegetated surface in units ofwater depth. It is expressed in millimeters per unit of time. Exfiltration is air leakage through cracks and interstices and through the ceilings, floors, and walls. Exhaust air is removed from a space and discharged outside the building by mechanical or natural ventilation systems. Existing area is the total area of the building structure, core, and envelope that existed when the project area was selected. Exterior windows and doors are not included. Existing building commissioning, or retrocommissioning, involves developing a building operation plan that identifies current operating requirements and needs, conducting tests to determine whether building systems are performing optimally in accordance with the plan, and making any necessary repairs or changes. Facility alterations and additions are discussed inthe Introduction ofthe LEEDfor Green Building Operations & Maintenance. Fairtrade is a product certification system overseen by FLO Intemational,which identifies products that meet certain environmental, labor, and development standards. Fly ash is the solid residue derived from incineration processes. Fly ash can be used as a substitute for Portland cement in concrete. The Food Alliance certifies foods from sustainable farms and ranches that produce natural products, ensure quality control and food safety, responsibly manage water and energy resources, emphasize recycling and responsible waste management, provide a safe work environment, and commit to continuous improvement of sustainable practices. GLOSSARY 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 435 EFTA00281974

GLOSSARY A footcandle (fc) is a measure of light falling on a given surface. One footcandle is defined as the quantity of light falling on a i-square-foot area from a 1 candela light source at a distance of foot (which equals 1 lumen per square foot). Footcandles can be measured both horizontally and vertically by a footcandle meter or light meter. Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring VOC found in small amounts in animals and plants but is carcinogenic and an irritant to mostpeoplewhen present in high concentrations,causing headaches, dizziness, mental impairment, and other symptoms. When present in the air at levels above 0.1 ppm, it can cause watery eyes; burning sensations in the eyes, nose, and throat; nausea; coughing; chest tightness; wheezing; skin rashes; and asthmatic and allergic reactions. Fuel-efficient vehicles have achieved a minimum green score of 40 according to the annual vehicle- rating guide of the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy. A full cutoff luminaire has zero candela intensity at an angle of 90 degrees above the vertical axis (nadir or straight down) and at all angles greater than 90 degrees from straight down. Additionally, the candela per 1,000 lamp lumens does not numerically exceed100 (10%) at an angle of 80 degrees above nadir. This applies to all lateral angles around the luminaire. Full-time equivalent (FTE) represents a regular building occupant who spends 40 hours per week in the project building. Part-time or overtime occupants have FTE values based on their hours per week divided by 40. Multiple shifts are included or excluded depending on the intent and requirements of the credit. Full-time-equivalent building occupants is a measure equal to the total number of hours all building occupants spend in the building during the peak 8-hour occupancy period divided by 8 hours. In a fully shielded exterior light fixture, the lower edge of the shield is at or below the lowest edge of the lamp, such that all light shines down. Fundamental commissioning is a set of essential best practices used to ensure that building performance requirements have been identified early in the project's development and to verify that the designed systems have been installed in compliance with those requirements. These practices include designating a commissioning authority, documenting the owner's project requirements and basis of design, incorporating commissioning requirements into the construction documents, establishing a commissioning plan, verifying installation and performance of specified building systems, and completing a summary commissioning report. Furniture, fixtures, and equipment are all items that are not base-building elements. Examples include lamps, electronics, desks, chairs, and tables. Geothermal energy is electricity generated by harnessing hot water or steam from within the earth. Geothermal heating systems use pipes to transfer heat from underground steam or hot water for heating, cooling, and hot water. The system retrieves heat during cool months and returns heat in summer months. Glare is any excessively bright source of light within the visual field that creates discomfort or loss in visibility. Graywater is defined by the Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) in its Appendix G, Gray Water Systems for Single-Family Dwellings, as "untreated household wastewater which has not come into contact with toilet waste. Greywater includes used water from bathtubs, showers, bathroom wash basins, and water from clothes-washer and laundrytubs. It must not include waste water from kitchen sinks or dishwashers." The International Plumbing Code (I PC) defines graywater in its Appendix C, Gray 436 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281975

Water Recycling Systems, as "waste water discharged from lavatories, bathtubs, showers, clothes washers and laundry sinks." Some states and local authorities allow kitchen sink wastewater to be included in graywater. Other differences with the UPC and IPC definitions can likely be found in state and local codes. Project teams should comply with graywater definitions as established by the authority having jurisdiction in the project area. Green cleaning is the use ofcleaning products and practices that have lower environmental impacts than conventional products and practices. Green power is synonymous with renewable energy. Green-e is a program established by the Center for Resource Solutions to both promote green electricity products and provide consumers with a rigorous and nationally recognized method to identify those products. Greenfields are sites not previously developed or graded that could support open space, habitat, or agriculture. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared radiation emitted by Earth's surface, clouds,and the atmosphere itself. Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases are a root cause of global climate change. Group (shared) multioccupant spaces include conference rooms, classrooms, and other indoor spaces used as a place of congregation. Halons are substances, used in fire-suppression systems and fire extinguishers, that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. Hardscape consists of the inanimate elements of the building landscaping. Examples include pavement, roadways, stonewalls, concrete paths and sidewalks, and concrete, brick, and tile patios. Hard surface flooring includes vinyl, linoleum, laminate flooring, wood flooring, rubber flooring, wall base, and associated sundries. Heat island effect refers to the absorption of heat by hardscapes, such as dark, nonreflective pavement and buildings, and its radiation to surrounding areas. Particularly in urban areas, other sources may include vehicle exhaust, air-conditioners, and street equipment; reduced airflow from tall buildings and narrow streets exacerbates the effect. Horizontal footcandles occur on a horizontal surface. They can be added together arithmetically when more than 1 source provides light to the same surface. HVAC systems are equipment, distribution systems, and terminals that provide the processes of heating, ventilating, or air-conditioning. (ASHRAE 90.1-2007) Hybrid vehicles use a gasoline engine to drive an electric generator and use the electric generator and/or storage batteries to power electric motors that drive the vehicle's wheels. Hydro energy is electricity produced from the downhill flow of water from rivers or lakes. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are refrigerants that cause significantly less depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer than chlorofluorocarbons. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are refrigerants that do not deplete the stratospheric ozone layer but may have high global warming potential. HFCs are not considered environmentally benign. Hydrology is the study of water occurrence, distribution, movement, and balances in an ecosystem. Hydropower is electricity produced from the downhill flow of water from rivers or lakes. GLOSSARY 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 437 EFTA00281976

GLOSSARY Impervious surfaces have a perviousness of less than 50% and promote runoff of water instead of infiltration into the subsurface. Examples include parking lots, roads, sidewalks, and plazas. An incinerator is a furnace or container for burning waste materials. Individual occupant spaces are standard workstations where workers conduct individual tasks. Indoor adhesive, sealant, or sealant primer product is an adhesive or sealant product applied on- site, inside the building's weatherproofing system. Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the nature of air inside the space that affects the health and well- being of building occupants. It is considered acceptable when there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations and a substantial majority (80% or more) of the occupants do not express dissatisfaction. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Indoor carpet systems are carpet, carpet adhesive, or carpet cushion products installed on-site inside the building's weatherproofing system. Indoor composite wood or agrifiber is a product installed inside the building's weatherproofing system. Indoor paints or coating products are applied inside a building's weatherproofing system. Infiltration is uncontrolled air leakage into conditioned spaces through unintentional openings in ceilings, floors, and walls from unconditioned spaces or the outdoors. (ASH RAE 62.1-2007) Infiltration basins and trenches are devices used to encourage subsurface infiltration of runoff volumes through temporary surface storage. Basins are ponds that can store large volumes of stormwater. They need to drain within 72 hours to maintain aerobic conditions and be available for future storm events. Trenches are similar to infiltration basins but are shallower and function as a subsurface reservoir for stormwater volumes. Pretreatment to remove sediment and oil may be necessary to avoid clogging infiltration devices. Infiltration trenches are more common in areas where infiltration basins are not possible. Infrared (or thermal) emittance is a parameter between O and 1 (or O% and 1OO%) that indicates the ability of a material to shed infrared radiation (heat). The wavelength range for this radiant energy is roughly 5 to 40 micrometers. Most building materials (including glass) are opaque in this part of the spectrum and have an emittance of roughly 0.9. Materials such as clean, bare metals are the most important exceptions to the 0.9 rule. Thus clean, untarnished galvanized steel has low emittance, and aluminum roof coatings have intermediate emittance levels. In situ remediation involves treatment of contaminants using technologies such as injection wells or reactive trenches. These methods employ the natural hydraulic gradient of groundwater and usually require only minimal disturbance of the site. An installation inspection examines components of the building systems to determine whether they are installed properly and ready for systems performance testing. Integrated pest management (IPM) is the coordinated use of knowledge about pests, the environment, and pest prevention and control methods to minimize pest infestation and damage by the most economical means while minimizing hazards to people, property, and the environment. Interior lighting power allowance is the maximum lighting power (in watts) allowed for the interior of a building. Interior nonstructural components reuse is determined by dividing the area of retained components by the larger of (0 the area of the prior condition or (z) the area of the completed design. 438 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281977

Invasive plants are nonnative to the ecosystem and likely to cause harm once introduced. These species are characteristicallyadaptable and aggressive, have ahigh reproductive capacity,and tend to overrun the ecosystems they enter. Collectively, they are among the greatest threats to biodiversity and ecosystem stability. Laminate adhesive is used in wood or agrifiber products, such as veneered panels, composite wood products contained in engineered lumber, and door assemblies. Lamps use electricity to produce light in any of several ways: by heating a wire for incandescence; by exciting a gas that produces ultraviolet light from a luminescent material; by generating an arc that emits visible light and some ultraviolet light; or by inducing excitation of mercury through radio frequencies. Light-emitting diodes packaged as traditional lamps also meet this definition. Lamp life is the useful operating life of the sources of artificial light, such as bulbs. Landfills are waste disposal sites for solid waste from human activities. The landscape area is the total site area less the building footprint, paved surfaces, water bodies, and patios. The landscape coefficient (KO is a constant used to calculate the evapotranspiration rate. It takes into account the species factor, density factor, and microclimate factor of the area. The leakage rate is the speed at which an appliance loses refrigerant, measured between refrigerant charges or over 12 months, whichever is shorter. The leakage rate is expressed in terms of the percentage of the appliance's full charge that would be lost over a iz-month period if the rate stabilized. (EPA Clean Air Act, Title VI, Rule 608) A least toxic chemical pesticide is any pesticide product for which all active ingredients and known inert ingredients meet the least toxic Tier 3 hazard criteria under the City and County of San Francisco's hazard screening protocol. Least toxic also applies to any pesticide product, other than rodent bait, that is applied in a self-contained, enclosed bait station placed in an inaccessible location or applied in a gel that is neither visible nor accessible. The LEED project boundary is the portion of the project site submitted for LEED certification. For single building developments, this is the entire project scope and is generally limited to the site boundary. For multiple building developments, the LEED project boundary may be a portion of the development as determined by the project team. Legionella pneumophila is a waterborne bacterium that causes Legionnaire's disease. It grows in slow-moving or still warm water and can be found in plumbing, showerheads, and water storage tanks. Outbreaks of Legionella pneumonia have been attributed to evaporative condensers and cooling towers. Life-cycle assessment is an analysis of the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product, process, or service. Life-cycle costing is an accounting methodology used to evaluate the economic performance of a product or system over its useful life. It considers operating costs, maintenance expenses, and other economic factors. Light pollution is waste light from building sites that produces glare, is directed upward to the sky, or is directed off the site. Waste light does not increase nighttime safety, utility, or security and needlessly consumes energy. Light trespass is obtrusive light that is unwanted because of quantitative, directional, or spectral attributes. Light trespass can cause annoyance, discomfort, distraction, or loss of visibility. GLOSSARY 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 439 EFTA00281978

GLOSSARY Lighting power density is the installed lighting power, per unit area Local zoning requirements are local government regulations imposed to promote orderly development of private lands and prevent land-use conflicts. Low-emitting vehicles are classified as zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) by the California Air Resources Board. A lumen is a unit of luminous flux equal to the light emitted in a unit solid angle by a uniform point source oft candle intensity. A luminaire is a complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp (or lamps) with the housing designed to distribute the light, position, and protect the lamp and connect it to the power supply. Luminous opening refers to the part of the outer surface of a luminaire (lighting fixture) through which light is emitted (i.e., the opening where the lamps are). Makeup water is fed into a cooling tower system to replace water lost through evaporation, drift, bleed-off, or other causes. Management staff includes employees or contractors involved in operating and maintaining a project building and site. Marine Stewardship Council Blue Eco-Label applies to products that meet certain principles and criteria for sustainable fishing, including sustainable harvest of the target stock, acceptable impact of the fishery on the ecosystem, effectiveness of the fishery management system (including all relevant biological, technological, economic, social, environmental, and commercial aspects), and compliance with relevant laws and standards. Market value, presumed to be less than replacement value, is the amount that either was paid or would have been paid for a used product. Mass transit is designed to transport large groups of persons in a single vehicle, such as a bus or train. Material safety data sheets (MSDS) are detailed, written instructions documenting a method to achieve uniformity of performance. Mechanical ventilation, or active ventilation, is provided by mechanically powered equipment, such as motor-driven fans and blowers, but not by devices such as wind-driven turbine ventilators and mechanically operated windows. (ASHRAE 62.1-2004) Metering controls limit the flow time of water. They are generally manual-on and automatic-off devices, most commonly installed on lavatory faucets and showers. Microclimate factor (kat) is a constant used in calculating the landscape coefficient. It adjusts the evapotranspiration rate to reflect the climate of the immediate area. Microirrigation involves irrigation systems with small sprinklers and microjets or drippers designed to apply small volumes of water. The sprinklers and microjets are installed within a few centimeters of the ground; drippers are laid on or below grade. Minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) is a filter ratingestablished bythe American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE 52.2-1999, Method of Testing General Ventilation Air Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size). MERV categories range from t (very low efficiency) to 16 (very high). Mixed-mode ventilation combines mechanical and natural ventilation methods. A mixed-use project involves a combination of residential and commercial or retail components. 440 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281979

The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) is a permit program that controls water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants into waters of the United States. Industrial, municipal, and other facilities must obtain permits if their discharges go directly to surface waters. Native (or indigenous) plants are adapted to a given area during a defined time period and are not invasive. In North America, the term often refers to plants growing in a region prior to the time of settlement by people of European descent. Natural areas feature native or adapted vegetation or other ecologically appropriate features. Natural ventilation, or passive ventilation, is provided by thermal, wind, or diffusion effects through doors, windows, or other intentional openings in the building; it uses the building layout, fabric, and form to achieve heat transfer and air movement. Neighborhood is synonymous with residential area. Net metering is a metering and billing arrangement that allows on-site generators to send excess electricity flows to the regional power grid. These electricity flows offset a portion of those drawn from the grid. Net project material value includes the construction material value and the CSI Division 12 (Furniture and Furnishings) material value, the lesser of material values for mechanical and electric components, and the salvage value identified in the MR credits. Nonoccupied spaces include all rooms used by maintenance personnel that are not open for use by occupants. Examples are closets and janitorial, storage, and equipment rooms. Nonporous sealant is a substance used as a sealant on nonporous materials. Nonporous materials, such as plastic and metal, do not have openings in which fluids maybe absorbed or discharged. Nonpotable water. See potable water. Nonwater (or composting) toilet systems are dry plumbing fixtures and fittings that contain and treat human waste via microbiological processes. A nonwater (or dry) urinal replaces a water flush with a trap containing a layer of buoyant liquid that floats above the urine, blocking sewer gas and odors. Occasional furniture is located in lobbies and in conference rooms. Occupants in a commercial buildingareworkers who either have a permanent office or workstation in the building or typically spend a minimum of to hours per week in the building. In a residential building, occupants also include all persons who live in the building. Off-gassing is the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from synthetic and natural products. Off-site renewable energy is derived from renewable energy sources and generated outside the project site perimeter; it is delivered through a private agreement with the energy-generating entity. Off-site salvaged materials are recovered from a source different from the project site. On-demand (or tankless) heaters heat water only when it is needed and then apply only the amount of heat required to satisfy the immediate need. Ongoing commissioning is a continuous process that methodically identifies and corrects system problems to maintain optimal building performance; it includes regular measurement and comparative analysis of building energy data over time. GLOSSARY 2CO9 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 441 EFTA00281980

GLOSSARY Ongoing consumables have a low cost per unit and are regularly used and replaced in the course of business. Examples include paper, toner cartridges, binders, batteries, and desk accessories. On-site renewable energy is energy derived from renewable sources located within the project site perimeter. On-site salvaged materials are recovered from and reused at the same building site. On-site wastewater treatment is the transport, storage, treatment, and disposal of wastewater generated on the project site. Open space area is usually defined by local zoning requirements. If local zoning requirements do not clearly define open space, iris defined for the purposes of LEED calculations as the property area minus the development footprint; it must be vegetated and pervious, with exceptions only as noted in the credit requirements section. Only ground areas are calculated as open space. For projects located in urban areas that earn a Development Density and Community Connectivity credit, open space also includes nonvehicular, pedestrian-oriented hardscape spaces. Open-grid pavement is less than so% impervious and accommodates vegetation in the open cells. Outdoor air is the ambient air that enters a building through a ventilation system, either through natural ventilation or by infiltration. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) The owner is the person directly employed by the organization holding title to the project building and recognized by law as having rights, responsibilities, and ultimate control over the building. Owner's project requirements is a written document that details the ideas, concepts, and criteria that are determined by the owner to be important to the success of the project. Ozone (Os) is a gas composed of 3 oxygen atoms. It is not usually emitted directly into the air, but at ground-level it is created by a chemical reaction between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight. Ozone has the same chemical structure whether it occurs in the atmosphere or at ground level and can have positive or negative effects, depending on its location. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) Paint is a liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that is converted to a solid protective, decorative, or functional adherent film after application as a thin layer. These coatings are intended for application to interior or exterior surfaces of residential, commercial, institutional, or industrial buildings. Parking footprint refers to the area of the project site occupied by the parking areas and structures. Parking subsidies are the costs of providing occupant parking that are not recovered in parking fees. In a partially shielded exterior light fixture, the lower edge ofthe shield is at or below the centerline of the lamp, to minimize light emitted above the horizontal plane. Pedestrian access allows people to walk to services without being blocked by walls, freeways, or other barriers. Percentage improvement measures the energycost savings for the proposed building performance compared with the baseline building performance. Permeable. See porous pavement. Perviousness is the percentage of the surface area of a paving system that is open and allows moisture to soak into the ground below. Phenol formaldehyde, which off-gasses only at high temperature, is used for exterior products, although many of these products are suitable for interior applications. 442 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281981

Photovoltaic (PV) energy is electricity from photovoltaic cells that convert the energy in sunlight into electricity. A picogram is t trillionth of a gram. Picograms per lumen-hour is a measure of the amount of mercury in a lamp per unit of light delivered over its useful life. Plug load is synonymous with receptacle load. Pollutants include emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (S02), nitrogen oxides (NOx), mercury (Hg), small particulates (PM2.5), and large particulates (PM10). Porous materials have tiny openings, often microscopic, that can absorb or discharge fluids. Examples include wood, fabric, paper, corrugated paperboard, and plastic foam. (SCAQMD Rule 1168) Porous pavement and permeable surfaces allow runoff to infiltrate into the ground. Postconsumer fiber consists of paper, paperboard, and fibrous wastes that are collected from municipal solid waste streams. Postconsumer material is recycled from consumer waste. Postconsumer recycled content is the percentage of material in a product that was consumer waste. The recycled material was generated by household, commercial, industrial, or institutional end-users and can no longer be used for its intended purpose. It includes returns of materials from the distribution chain. Examples include construction and demolition debris, materials collected through recycling programs, discarded products (e.g., furniture, cabinetry, decking), and landscaping waste (e.g., leaves, grass clippings, tree trimmings). (ISO 4021) Potable water meets or exceeds EPA's drinking water quality standards and is approved for human consumption by the state or local authorities having jurisdiction; it may be supplied from wells or municipal water systems. ppm stands for parts per million. Preconsumer recycled content, formerly known as postindustrial content, is the percentage of material in a product that is recycled from manufacturing waste. Examples include planer shavings, sawdust, bagasse, walnut shells, culls, trimmed materials, overissue publications, and obsolete inventories. Excluded are rework, regrind, or scrap materials capable of being reclaimed within the same process that generated them. (ISO 4021) Predicted mean vote is an empirical equation for predicting the mean vote on a rating scale of thermal comfort of a large population of people exposed to a certain environment. Preferred parking, available to particular users, includes designated spaces close to the building (aside from designated handicapped spots), designated covered spaces, discounted parking passes, and guaranteed passes in a lottery system. Preventive maintenance is routinely scheduled equipment inspection, cleaning, and repair conducted to detect and prevent equipment failure and keep materials and systems in working order. Previously developed sites once had buildings, roadways, parking lots, or were graded or otherwise altered by direct human activities. A primer is a material applied to a substrate to improve the adhesion of subsequently applied coats. GLOSSARY 2CO9 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 443 EFTA00281982

GLOSSARY Prior condition area is the total area of finished ceilings, floors, and full-height walls that existed when the project area was selected. It does not include exterior windows and doors. Prior condition is the state of the project space at the time it was selected. Process water is used for industrial processes and building systems such as cooling towers, boilers, and chillers. It can also refer to water used in operational processes, such as dishwashing, clothes washing, and ice making. Propertyarea is the total areawithin the legal property boundaries of a site; it encompasses all areas of the site, including constructed and nonconstructed areas. Proposed building performance is the annual energy cost calculated for a proposed design, as defined in ANSI/ASH RAE/I ESNA Standard 90.1-2007, Appendix G. Protected Harvest certification standards reflect the growing requirements and environmental considerations of different crops and bioregions. Each crop- and region-specific standard addresses production, toxicity, and chain-of-custody. Public transportation consists of bus, rail, or other transit services for the general public that operate on a regular, continual basis. Rainforest Alliance certification is awarded to farms that protectwildlife byplanting trees,control erosion, limit agrochemicals, protect native vegetation, hire local workers, and pay fair wages. Rapidly renewable materials are agricultural products,both fiber and animal, that take to years or less to grow or raise and can be harvested in a sustainable fashion. Rated power is the nameplate power on a piece of equipment. It represents the capacity of the unit and is the maximum that it will draw. Receptacle (or plug) load is the current drawn by all equipment that is plugged into the electrical system. Recirculated air is removed from a space and reused as supply air, delivered by mechanical or natural ventilation. Reclaimed water is wastewater that has been treated and purified for reuse. Recommissioning applies to buildings that were previously commissioned as part of new construction or buildings covered by existing building commissioning. Recovered fiber includes both postconsumer fiber and waste fiber from the manufacturing process. Recycled content is the proportion, by mass, of preconsumer or postconsumer recycled material in a product. (ISO mon) Recycling is the collection, reprocessing, marketing, and use of materials that were diverted or recovered from the solid waste stream. A recycling collection area is located in regularly occupied space in the building for the collection of occupants' recyclables. A building may have numerous collection areas from which recyclable materials are typically removed to a central collection and storage area Refrigerants are the working fluids of refrigeration cycles that absorb heat from a reservoir at low temperatures and reject heat at higher temperatures. Refurbished materials are products that could have been disposed of as solid waste. These products have completed their life cycle as consumer items and are then refurbished for reuse without substantial alteration of their form. Refurbishing includes renovating, repairing, restoring, 444 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281983

or generally improving the appearance, performance, quality, functionality, or value of a product. Regionallyextracted materials are raw materials taken from within a500-mile radius ofthe project site. Regionally manufactured materials are assembled as finished products within a 500-mile radius of the project site. Assembly does not include on-site assembly, erection, or installation of finished components. Regularly occupied spaces are areas where workers are seated or standing as they work inside a building. In residential applications, these areas are all spaces except bathrooms, utility areas, and closets or other storage rooms. In schools, theyare areas where students, teachers, or administrators are seated or standing as they work or study inside a building. Relative humidity is the ratio of partial density of airborne water vapor to the saturation density of water vapor at the same temperature and total pressure. Remanufactured materials are items that are made into other products. One example is concrete that is crushed and used as subbase. Remediation is the process of cleaning up a contaminated site by physical, chemical, or biological means. Remediation processes are typically applied to contaminated soil and groundwater. Renewable energy comes from sources that are not depleted by use. Examples include energy from the sun, wind, and small (low-impact) hydropower, plus geothermal energy and wave and tidal systems. Ways to capture energy from the sun include photovoltaic, solar thermal, and bioenergy systems based on wood waste, agricultural crops or residue, animal and other organic waste, or landfill gas. Renewable energy certificates (RECs) are tradable commodities representing proof that a unit of electricity was generated from a renewable energy resource. RECs are sold separately from electricity itself and thus allow the purchase of green power by a user of conventionally generated electricity. Replacement value is the estimated cost of replacing a used product. This value may be equal to the cost of a similar new product or based on a new product with comparable features. A residential area is land zoned primarily for housing at a density of 10 units per acre or greater. These areas may have single-family and multifamily housing and include building types such as townhomes, apartments, duplexes, condominiums, or mobile homes. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) addresses active and future facilities and was enacted in 1976 to give EPA authority to control hazardous wastes from cradle to grave, including generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal. Some nonhazardous wastes are also covered under RCRA. Retained components are portions of the finished ceilings, finished floors, full-height walls and demountable partitions, interior doors, and built-in case goods that existed in the prior condition area and remain in the completed design. Retention ponds capture stormwater runoff and clear it of pollutants before its release. Some retention pond designs use gravity only; others use mechanical equipment, such as pipes and pumps, to facilitate transport. Some ponds are dry except during storm events; others permanently store water. A retrofit is any change to an existing facility, such as the addition or removal of equipment or an adjustment, connection, or disconnection of equipment. Return air is removed from a space and then recirculated or exhausted. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) GLOSSARY 2C09 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 445 EFTA00281984

GLOSSARY Reuse returns materials to active use in the same or a related capacity as their original use, thus extending the lifetime of materials that would otherwise be discarded. Examples of construction materials that can be reused include extra insulation, drywall, and paints. Reused area is the total area of the building structure, core, and envelope that existed in the prior condition and remains in the completed design. Ridesharing is synonymous with carpooling. Safety and comfort light levels meet local code requirements and must be adequate to provide a safe path for egress without overlighting the area. Salvaged materials or reused materials are construction materials recovered from existing buildings or construction sites and reused. Common salvaged materials include structural beams and posts, flooring, doors, cabinetry, brick, and decorative items. A sealant has adhesive properties and is formulated primarily to fill, seal, or waterproof gaps or joints between z surfaces. Sealants include sealant primers and caulks. (SCAQMD Rule t t68) A sealant primer is applied to a substrate, prior to the application of a sealant, to enhance the bonding surface. (SCAQMD Rule "68) Seating consists of task and guest chairs used with systems furniture. Secure bicycle storage is an internal or external space that keeps bicycles safe from theft. It may include lockers and storage rooms. Sedimentation is the addition of soil particles to water bodies by natural and human-related activities. Sedimentation often decreases water quality and can accelerate the aging process of lakes, rivers, and streams. Sensors are devices that undergo a measurable change in response to environmental changes and communicate this change to a control system. Setpoints are normal operating ranges for building systems and indoor environmental quality. When the building systems are outside of their normal operating range, action is taken by the building operator or automation system. Shielding is a nontechnical term that describes devices or techniques that are used as part of a luminaire or lamp to limit glare, light trespass, or sky glow. Site area is synonymous with property area. A site assessment is an evaluation of a site's aboveground and subsurface characteristics, including its structures, geology, and hydrology. Site assessments are typically used to determine whether contamination has occurred, as well as the extent and concentration of any release of pollutants. Information generated during a site assessment is used to make remedial action decisions. Site energy is the amount of heat and electricity consumed by a building, as reflected in utility bills. Sky glow is caused by stray light from unshielded light sources and light reflecting off surfaces that then enter the atmosphere and illuminate and reflect off dust, debris, and water vapor. Sky glow can substantially limit observation of the night sky, compromise astronomical research, and adversely affect nocturnal environments. Soft costs are expense items that are not considered direct construction costs. Examples include architectural, engineering, financing, and legal fees. Solar reflectance, or albedo, is a measure of the ability of a surface material to reflect sunlight— visible, infrared, and ultraviolet wavelengths—on a scale of ci to 1. Solar reflectance is also called albedo. Black paint has a solar reflectance of o; white paint (titanium dioxide) has a solar reflectance oft. 446 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281985

Solar thermal systems collect or absorb sunlight via solar collectors to heat water that is then circulated to the building's hot water tank. Solar thermal systems can be used to warm swimming pools or heat water for residential and commercial use. The solar reflectance index (SRI) is a measure of a material's ability to reject solar heat, as shown by a small temperature rise. Standard black (reflectance 0.05, emittance 0.90) is 0 and standard white (reflectance 0.80, emittance 0.90) is too. For example, a standard black surface has a temperature rise of go- F (se C) in MI sun, and a standard white surface has a temperature rise of 14.6*F (8.1-C). Once the maximum temperature rise of a given material has been computed, the SRI can be calculated by interpolating between the values for white and black. Materials with the highest SRI values are the coolest choices for paving. Because of the way SRI is defined, particularly hot materials can even take slightly negative values, and particularly cool materials can even exceed 100. (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Cool Roofing Materials Database) Source energy is the total amount of raw fuel required to operate a building; it incorporates all transmission, delivery, and production losses for a complete assessment of a building's energy use. Source reduction reduces the amount of unnecessary material brought into a building. Examples include purchasing products with less packaging. Species factor (IQ is a constant used to adjust the evapotranspiration rate to reflect the biological features of a specific plant species. The square footage of a building is the total area in square feet (sf) of all rooms, including corridors, elevators, stairwells, and shaft spaces. Standard operating procedures are detailed, written instructions documenting a method to achieve uniformity of performance. Stormwater runoff consists ofwater from precipitation that flows over surfaces into sewer systems or receiving water bodies. MI precipitation that leaves project site boundaries on the surface is considered stormwater runoff. A stormwater pollution prevention plan describes all measures to prevent stormwater contamination, control sedimentation and erosion during construction, and comply with the requirements of the Clean Water Act. Stratified random sampling categorizes members of a population into discrete subgroups, based on characteristics that may affect their responses to a survey. For example, a survey of building occupants' commuting behavior might separate people by income level and commuting distance. To yield representative results, the survey should sample subgroups according to their proportions in the total population. Submetering is used to determine the proportion of energy use within a building attributable to specific end uses or subsystems (e.g., the heating subsystem of an HVAC system). Supply air is deliveredby mechanical ornatural ventilation to a space, composed ofanycombination of outdoor air, recirculated air, or transfer air. (ASH RAE 62.1-2007) Sustainable forestry is the practice of managing forest resources to meet the long-term forest product needs of humans while maintaining the biodiversity of forested landscapes. The primary goal is to restore, enhance, and sustain a full range of forest values, including economic, social, and ecological considerations. A sustainable purchasing policy gives preference to products that have little to no negative impact on the environment and society throughout their life cycle, and to the companies that supply them. A sustainable purchasing program is the development, adoption, and implementation of a procurement strategy that supports an organization's sustainable purchasing policy. GLOSSARY 2CO9 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 447 EFTA00281986

GLOSSARY Systematic sampling surveys every xth person in a population, using a constant skip interval. It relies on random samplingorderor an order with no direct relationship to thevariable underanalysis (e.g., alphabetical order when sampling for commuting behavior). Systems furniture includes panel-based workstations comprising modularinterconnectingpanels, hang-on components, and drawer and filing components or a free-standing grouping of furniture items designed to work in concert. Systems performance testing is the process ofdeterrnining the ability of commissioned systems to perform in accordance with the owner's project requirements, the basis of design, and construction documents. Telecommuting is worldngby using telecommunications and computertechnology from a location other than the usual or traditional place of business—for example, from home, a satellite office, or a telework center. A tenant is a person or entity that pays to occupy land or space that is owned by someone else. Tertiary treatment is the highest form of wastewater treatment and includes removal of organics, solids, and nutrients as well as biological or chemical polishing, generally to effluent limits of 10 mg/L biological oxygen demand (BOD) s and 10 mg/L total suspended solids (TSS). Thermal comfort exists when occupants express satisfaction with the thermal environment. Tipping fees are charged by a landfill for disposal of waste, typically quoted per ton. Total phosphorus (Ti') consists of organically bound phosphates, polyphosphates, and orthophosphates in stormwater, the majority of which originates from fertilizer application. Chemical precipitation is the typical removal mechanism for phosphorus. Total suspended solids (TSS) are particlesthat aretoo small orlight to be removed from stormwater via gravity settling. Suspended solid concentrations are typically removed via filtration. Transient users are occupants who do not use a facility on a consistent, regular, daily basis. Examples include students in higher education settings, customers in retail settings, and visitors in institutional settings. A a-year, z4-hour design storm is a nationally accepted rate that represents the largest amount of rainfall expected over a 24-hour period during a a-year interval. The rate is the basis for planning and designing stormwater management facilities and features. Undercover parking is underground or under a deck, roof, or building; its hardscape surfaces are shaded. Universal notification means notifying building occupants not less than72 hours before a pesticide is applied in a building oron surroundinggrounds u ndernormal conditions,and within mhours after application of a pesticide in emergency conditions. Use of a least toxic pesticide or self-contained nonrodent bait does not require universal notification; all other pesticide applications do. Upstream equipment consists of all heating or cooling systems, equipment, and controls that are associated with a district energy system but are not part of the project building's thermal connection or do not interface with the district energy system. It includes the central energy plant and all transmission and distribution equipment associated with transporting the thermal energy to the project building and site. Urea formaldehyde is a combination of urea and formaldehyde that is used in some glues and may emit formaldehyde at room temperature. USDA Organic is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's certification for products that contain at least 95% organically produced ingredients (excluding water and salt). Any remaining ingredients 448 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281987

must consist of approved nonagricultural substances (as listed by USDA) or be nonorganically produced agricultural products that are not commercially available in organic form. Vegetation-containing artifices are planters, gardens, or other constructs intended to host flora. A vendor of certified wood is the company that supplies wood products to contractors or subcontractors for on-site installation. A vendor needs a chain-of-custody number if it is selling FSC-certified products that are not individually labeled; this includes most lumber. Ventilation is the process of supplying air to or removing air from a space for the purpose of controlling air contaminant levels, humidity, or temperature within the space. (ASHRAE 6z.i- 2007). Verification is the range of checks and tests carried out to determine whether components, subsystems, systems, and interfaces between systems operate in accordance with the contract documents. Vertical footcandles occur on a vertical surface. They can be added together arithmetically when more than t source provides light to the same surface. Visible light transmittance (VLT) (Zig) is the ratio of total transmitted light to total incident light (i.e., the amount of visible spectrum, 380-780 nanometers of light passing through a glazing surface divided by the amount of light striking the glazing surface). The higher the T value, the more incident light passes through the glazing. Vision glazing is the portion of an exterior window between 3o and 90 inches above the floor that permits a view to the outside. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carbon compounds that participate in atmospheric photochemical reactions (excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides and carbonates, and ammonium carbonate). The compounds vaporize (become a gas) at normal room temperatures. Walking distance is the length of the walkable pathway between the building and public transportation. Walk-off mats are placed inside building entrances to capture dirt, water, and other materials tracked inside by people and equipment. Waste comprises all materials that flow from the building to final disposal. Examples include paper, grass trimmings, food scraps, and plastics. In LEED, waste refers to all materials that are capable of being diverted from the building's waste stream through waste reduction. Waste disposal eliminates waste by means of burial in a landfill, combustion in an incinerator, dumping at sea, or any other way that is not recycling or reuse. Waste diversion is a management activitythat disposes of waste other than through incineration or the use of landfills. Examples include reuse and recycling. Waste reduction includes both source reduction and waste diversion through reuse or recycling. A waste reduction program encompasses source reduction, reuse, and recycling. Such a program assigns responsibility within the organization for implementation, lists the general actions that will be taken to reduce waste, and describes tracking and review procedures to monitor waste reduction and improve performance. The waste stream is the overall flow of waste from the building to a landfill, incinerator, or other disposal site. Wastewater is the spent or used water from a home, community, farm, or industry that contains dissolved or suspended matter. (Federal Itemediation Technologies Roundtable) GLOSSARY 2C39 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 449 EFTA00281988

GLOSSARY Waterless urinals are dry plumbing fixtures that use advanced hydraulic design and a buoyant fluid to maintain sanitary conditions. A water meter measures the volume of water usage. Most commercial building water meters are designed to measure cold potable water. Wave and tidal power systems capture energy from waves and the diurnal flux of tidal power, respectively. The captured energy is commonlyused fordesalination,water pumping,and electricity generation. Wind energy is electricity generated by wind turbines. Window-to-floor ratio (VVFR) is the total area of the window (measured vertically from 30 inches above the finished floor to the top of the glass, multiplied by the width of the glass) divided by the floor area. Xeriscaping is a landscaping method that makes routine irrigation unnecessary. It uses drought- adaptable and low-water plants as well as soil amendments such as compost and mulches to reduce evaporation. 450 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281989

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This reference guide was printed on 100% postconsumer waste paper, processed chlorine free, and printed with non-toxic, soybased inks using100% wind power. By using these materials and production processes, the U.S. Green Building Council saved the following resources: Trees* Solid Waste Liquid Waste Electricity Greenhouse Gases Sulfur & Nitrogen Oxides 83,464 lbs. of virgin wood, equal to 145 trees 13,086 lbs. 122,734 gallons 18,780 kWh 23,789 lbs. 45 lbs. one harvested tree = aprox. 575 lbs 00444 CARBON 0 NEUTRAL e en e 'Print EFTA00281993