DEVOE) ERIMOHNERETS ELMILNY Overview Americans spend an average of 90%of their time indoors, and the quality of the indoor environment therefore has a significant influence on their well-being, productivity, and quality of life. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the EPA) reports that pollutant levels of indoor environments may run 2 to 5 times—and occasionally more than 100 times—higher than outdoor levels.' Correspondingly, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported in its "Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, and edition," that most of an individual's exposure to air pollutants comes through inhalation of indoorair. Following the release in 1987a and in 19903ofthe EPA reports that designated indoor air pollution as a top environmental risk to public health, assessing and managing indoor pollutants have become the focus of integrated governmental and private efforts. Recent increases in building-related illnesses and "sick building syndrome," as well as increasing numbers of related legal cases, have further heightened awareness of indoor air quality (LkQ) among building owners and occupants! Strategies to improve indoor environmental quality have the potential to reduce liability for building owners, increase the resale value of the building, and improve the health of building occupants. In addition to health and liability concerns, productivity gains also drive indoor environmental quality improvements. With employees' salaries a significant cost in any commercial building, it makes good business sense to keep staff healthy and productive by improving and maintaining the quality of the indoor environment. The potential annual savings and productivity gains from improved indoor environmental quality in the United Statesare estimated at $6billionto $14billion from reduced respiratory disease, $1 billion to $4 billion from reduced allergies and asthma, $10 billionto $30billion from reduced sick building syndrome symptoms,and $aobillionto $16obillion from direct improvements in worker performance that are unrelated to health.' Overthepastaoyears,research andexperiencehave improvedourunderstandingofwhat isinvolved in attaining high indoor environmental quality and revealed manufacturing and construction practices that can prevent many indoor environmental quality problems. The use of better products and practices has reduced potential liabil ity forde sign to am members and buildingowners, inc reased market value for buildings with exemplary indoor environmental quality, and resulted in greater productivity for building occupants. In a case study included in the 1994 publication, "Greening the Building and the Bottom Line," the Rocky Mountain Institute highlighted how improved indoor environmental quality increased worker productivity by 16%, netting a rapid payback on the capital investment.' This credit category addresses environmental concerns relating to indoor environmental quality; occupants' health, safety, and comfort; energy consumption; air change effectiveness; and air contaminant management. The following are important strategies for addressing these concerns and improving indoor environmental quality: Improving Ventilation Actions that affect employee attendance and productivity will affect an organization's operating bottom line. One study estimates a 283% return on investment a csnr iatedwith increased ventilation in less than 6 months? Specify building systems that will provide a high level of indoor air quality. Increased ventilation in buildings may require additional energy use, but the need for additional energy can be mitigated IEQ OVERVIEW 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 277 EFTA00281816

IEQ OVERVIEW by using heat-recovery ventilation and/or economizing strategies. Indoor air quality design can help take advantage of regional climate characteristics and reduce energy costs. In regions with significant heating and/or cooling loads, for example, using exhaust air to heat or cool the incoming air can significantly reduce energy use and operating costs. Managing Air Contaminants Protecting indoor environments from contaminants is essential for maintaining a healthy space for building occupants. Several indoor air contaminants should be reduced to optimize tenants' comfort and health. There are 3 basic contaminants: Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS),or secondhand smoke,is both the smokegivenoffby ignited tobacco products and the smoke exhaled by smokers. Environmental tobacco smoke contains thousands of chemicals, more than so of which are carcinogenic!' Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is linked to an increased risk of lung cancer and heart disease in nonsmoking adults' and associated with increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome and asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia in children.")Smoking should be eliminated in all indoor spaces and limited todesignated outdoor areas. Carbon dioxide (COz) concentrations can be measured to determine and maintain adequate outdoor air ventilation rates in buildings. COz concentrations are an indicator of air change effectiveness, where elevated levels indicate inadequate ventilation and possible buildup of indoor air pollutants. COz levels should be measured to validate indications that ventilation rates need to be adjusted. Although relatively high concentrations of COz alone are not known to cause serious health problems, they can lead to drowsiness and lethargy in building occupants." Particulate matter in the air degrades the indoor environment. Airborne particles in indoor environments include lint, dirt, carpet fibers, dust, dust mites, mold, bacteria, pollen, and animal dander. These particles can exacerbate respiratory problems such as allergies, asthma, emphysema, and chronic lung disease." Air filtration reduces the exposure of building occupants to these airborne contaminants, and high-efficiency filters greatly improve indoor air quality. Protecting air handling systems during construction and flushing the building before occupancy further reduce the potential for problems to arise once the building is occupied. Specifying Less Harmful Materials Preventing indoor environmental quality problems is generally more effective and less expensive thanidentifyingandsolvingthemaftertheyoccur.Onepracticalwaytopreventindoorenvironmental quality problems is to specify materials that release fewer and less harmful chemical compounds. Adhesives, paints, carpets, composite wood products, and furniture with low levels of potentially irritating off-gassing can reduce occupant exposure and harm. Appropriate scheduling of deliveries and sequencing of construction activities can reduce material exposure to moisture and absorption of off-gassed contaminants. Allowing Occupants to Control Desired Settings Working with building occupants to assess their needs will help improve building efficiencies. Providing individual lighting controls and area thermostats can improve occupants' comfort and productivity and save energy. Individual controls enable occupants to set light levels appropriate to tasks, time of day, personal preferences, and individual variations in visual acuity. Individual thermostats enable them to more accurately meet their heating and cooling needs during different seasons. 278 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281817

Providing Daylighting and Views Daylighting reduces the need for electric lighting, which lowers energy use and thereby decreases the environmental effects of energy production and consumption. Natural daylight also improves occupants' productivity and reduces absenteeism and illness. Courtyards, atria, clerestory windows, skylights, interior light shelves, exterior fins, louvers, and adjustable blinds, used alone or in combination, are effective strategies to achieve deep daylight penetration. The desired amount of daylight depends on the tasks in a given space. Daylit buildings often have several daylight zones with differing target light levels. In addition to light levels, daylighting strategies address interior color schemes, direct beam penetration, and integration with the electric lighting system. Building occupants with access to outside views have an increased sense of well-being, leading to higher productivity and increased job satisfaction. Important considerations for providing views include building orientation, window size and spacing, glass selection, and locations of interior walls. Summary Ensuring excellent indoor environmental quality requires the joint efforts of the building owner, design team, contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers. To provide optimal indoor environmental quality, automatic sensors and individual controls can be integrated with the building systems to adjusttemperature,humidity,and ventilation.Sensors can measure building CO2. levels and indicate the need for increased outdoor airflow to eliminate high levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other air contaminants. Other indoor environmental quality issues addressed by the LEED for Commercial Interiors Rating System include daylighting and lighting quality, thermal comfort, acoustics, and access to views. All of these issues have the potential to enhance the indoor environment and optimize interior spaces for building occupants. CREDIT TITLE 1E0 Prerequisite 1 IEQ Prerequisite 2 IEQ Credit 1 IEQ Credit 2 IEQ Credit 3.1 IEQ Credit 3.2 IEQ Credit 4.1 IEQ Credit 4.2 IEQ Credit 4.3 IEQ Credit 4.4 IEQ Credit 4.5 IEQ Credit 5 IEQ Credit 6.1 IEQ Credit 6.2 IEQ Credit 7.1 IEQ Credit 7.2 IEQ Credit 8.1 IEQ Credit 8.2 Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring Increased Ventilation Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan—During Construction Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan—Before Occupancy Low•Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants Low•Emitting Materials—Paints and Coatings Low•Emitting Materials—Flooring Systems Low•Emitting Materials—Composite Wood and Agrifiber Products Low•Emitting Materials—Systems Furniture and Seating Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control Controllability of Systems—Lighting Controllability of Systems—Thermal Comfort Thermal Comfort—Design Thermal Comfort—Verification Daylight and Views—Daylight Daylight and Views—Views for Seated Spaces IEQ OVERVIEW LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 279 EFTA00281818

280 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281819

MINIMUM INDOOR AIR QUALITY PERFORMANCE Prerequisite IEQ Prerequisite 1 Points Required Intent To establish minimum indoor air quality (IAQ) performance to enhance indoor air quality in buildings, thus contributing to the comfort and well-being of the occupants. Requirements CASE 1. Mechanically Ventilated Spaces Meet the minimum requirements of Section 4 through 7 of ASHRAE Standard 62.1- 2007, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (with errata but without addenda'). Mechanical ventilation systems must perform according to the ventilation rate procedure. Modify or maintain odsting building outside-air ventilation distribution system to supply at least the outdoor air ventilation rate required by ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 (with errata but without addenda'). lithe project team cannot meet the outside air requirements ofASHRAEStandard 62.1-2007 (with errata but without addenda') document the space and system constraints that make it not possible, complete an engineering assessment of the system's maximum cubic feet per minute (cfm) capability toward meeting the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 (with errata but without addenda'), and achieve those levels, with a minimum of so cfm per person. MI other requirements must be met. CASE 2. Naturally Ventilated Projects Naturally ventilated buildings must comply with ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 Section 5.t (with errata but without addenda'). Modify or maintain existing building outside-air ventilation distribution system to supply at least the outdoor air ventilation rate required by ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 (with errata but without addenda'). If the project team cannot meet the outside air requirements ofASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 (with errata but without addenda),document the space and system constraints that make it not possible, complete an engineering assessment of the system's maximum cubic feet per minute (cfm) capability toward meeting the requirements ofASHRAE Standard 62.t-2007(with errata but without addendal),and achieve those levels, with a minimum of 10 cfm per person. All other requirements must be met. z [4.'idizt etateamswishiwti_use ASI I RAE upproved adUend.t Ow put pus mutt !mapped const,:unety ...tutu i.EF.Dattotut n d ttivIl IEQ PREREQUISITE 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 281 EFTA00281820

IEQ CI Prerequisite 1 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Minimum indoor air quality (IAQ) performance in buildings improves occupant comfort, well- being, and productivity compared with buildings with poor IAQ performance. Key strategies for maintaining minimum IAQ include limiting potential indoor contaminant sources, limiting the introduction of contaminants from potential outdoor sources, and—most importantly— determining and maintaining at least the minimum zone outdoor airflow and the minimum outdoor air intake flow required by the ventilation rate procedure of Standard 62.1-2007. Environmental Issues Providing minimum IAQ performance improves IAQ generally. Doing so can require higher energy use to operate compliant HVAC systems compared with systems that do not meet the ventilation guidelines of ASHRAE 62.1-2007. Compared with personnel costs, any premium associated with ensuring IAQ is insignificant. Poor IAQ can cause illness, and the additional energy cost of ensuring LkQ maybe offset by improved occupant productivity and lower absentee rates. The USG BC website (http://www.usgbc.org) provides links to recent studies on this issue. Economic Issues Because ASHRAE 62.1-2007 is the required standard for ventilation design for many areas, no additional design effort or cost will be incurred to met this prerequisite in general. If there are added energy costs related to increasingventilation because ofa remodel, strategies to mitigate these costs include energy recovery ventilation, economizers and controls, CO2 monitors, and demand- controlled ventilation. The successful implementation of ASHRAE 62.1-2007 reduces potential liability regarding IAQ issues for architects, builders, owners, building operators, and occupants.'3 2. Related Credits Providing minimum IAQ performance can solve some IAQ problems by diluting contaminant concentration, but this strategy may affect indoor thermal comfort and increase energy use. The building commissioning and measurement and verification processes are tools that can improve LkQ while minimizing energy efficiency losses, as described in the following: ■ EA Prerequisite 1: Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems ■ EA Credit 2: Enhanced Commissioning ■ EA Credit 3: Measurement and Verification Dense neighborhoods and heavy traffic as well as existing site contamination can adversely affect the quality of outside air available for ventilation purposes. Refer to these z credits ■ SS Credit 4: Alternative Transportation ■ SS Credit 1: Option 1, Brownfield Redevelopment To reduce the detrimental effects some materials have on IAQ, follow the guidelines of the prerequisities and credits below and specify materials and furnishings that do not release harmful or irritating chemicals, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from paints and solvents. Occupants' activities such as chemical handling and smoking can also affect air quality. ■ IEQ Credits 4.1-4.5: Low-Emitting Materials ■ IEQ Credit s: Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control ■ IEQ Prerequisite 2: Environmental Tobacco Smoke 282 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281821

3. Summary of Referenced Standard American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/ASH RAE Standard 62.1-2007, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers http:(/www.ashrae.org This standard specifies minimum ventilation rates and IAQ levels so as to reduce the potential for adverse health effects. The standard specifies that ventilation systems be designed to prevent uptake of contaminants, minimize growth and dissemination of microorganisms, and if necessary, filter particulates. The standard outlines a ventilation rate procedure and an IAQ procedure for compliance. The ventilation rate procedure prescribes outdoor air quality levels acceptable for ventilation; treatment measures for contaminated outdoor air; and ventilation rates for residential, commercial, institutional, vehicular, and industrial spaces. The IAQ procedure is a performance-based design approach in which the building and its ventilation system maintain concentrations of specific contaminants at or below certain determined limits to achieve an indoor air quality acceptable to building occupants and/or visitors. For the purposes of this procedure, acceptable perceived indoor air quality means there is no dissatisfaction related to thermal comfort, noise and vibration, lighting, and psychological stressors. The IAQ procedure also includes criteria for the following situations: reducing outdoor air quantities when recirculated air is treated by contaminant-removal equipment, and ventilating when a space's air volume is used as a reservoir to dilute contaminants. The IAQ procedure incorporates quantitative and subjective evaluation and restricts contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels. ASH RAE updated the standard in 2007 to include requirements for buildings that allow smoking in designated areas to separate areas with environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from those without ETS. The standard now also clarifies how designers must analyze mechanical cooling systems to limit indoor relative humidity that would cause dampness-related problems such as mold and microbial growth. 4. Implementation Local code can be used in lieu of ASHRAE when the local code is more stringent. For the purposes of this credit, the code that requires providing more outside air is considered more stringent. Mechanical and natural ventilation systems should ensure that building occupants receive adequate fresh air. Underventilated buildings may be stuffy, odorous, uncomfortable, and/or unhealthful for occupants. ASH RAE 62.1-20o7 establishes minimum requirements for ventilation air rates in various occupied zones and building ventilation systems. The standard takes into account an area's square footage, number of occupants and their activities, and the ventilation system. This prerequisite requires project teams to verify that the building HVAC system can supply enough ventilation to provide acceptable IAQ. Manyother credits in LEED for Commercial Interiors require the project space to meet the minimum outdoor air flow rates that are determined in the referenced standard. For this reason, this prerequisite is not limited to the project scope of work. Many of the provisions of ASHRAE 62.1-2007, such as the location of air intakes, apply to functional aspects of the HVAC system that are most commonly located in parts of the building outside the project space. When a project space is to be served by a central HVAC system (or existing system), the project team should confirm as early as possible that the system will adequately function in the project space and meet the standard's provisions. Prior to leasing or acquisition, evaluate the planned location of the project; this can be combined with the evaluation confirming compliance with EA Prerequisite 2, Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control. 'Ea CI Prerequisite 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 283 EFTA00281822

I EQ CI Prerequisite 1 When determining outside air quality, heavy traffic, nearby industrial sites, or neighboring waste management sites may pose problems. In the evaluation, consider possible future uses of nearby sites that may affect outdoor air quality. Obtain ambient air quality data and local wind patterns from the EPA or local entities to determine whether sources of pollution will affect the site. After the building has been chosen, identify site activities that may have a negative impact on air quality, such as construction activities, materials installed in the building, and chemical handling activities during occupancy. If possible, design the outdoor air intakes away from possible sources ofcontamination or confirm that the existing outdoor air intakes are at least 25 feet from sources of contamination. Possible sources of contamination include loading areas,building exhaust fans,cooling towers, street traffic, idlingvehicles, standing water, parking garages, sanitary vents,waste bins, and outside smoking areas. The outside air capacity for the ventilation system should meet the requirements of the referenced standard in all modes of operation. Consider the potential occupancy load when calculating outside air needs in all spaces. Assess changes in occupant loads for renovation or retrofit projects and, where possible, allow flexibility to accommodate future changes in occupant loads. It is important to avoid over- or underdesign of the ventilation systems and to plan for future retrofits when possible. Operational testing should be included in the building commissioning report. Implement an operations and maintenance plan based on the ASHRAE 62.1-2007, Section 8, to maintain an uncontaminated HVAC system. Strategies There are 3 basic methods for ventilating buildings: ■ mechanical ventilation (i.e., active ventilation); ■ natural ventilation (i.e., passive ventilation); and ■ mixed-mode ventilation (i.e., both mechanical and natural ventilation). Mechanically Ventilated Spaces: Ventilation Rate Procedure For mechanical ventilation systems, ASHRAE 62.1-2007, Section 6, explains how to determine the minimum required ventilation rates for various applications, using either the ventilation rate procedure or the indoor air quality procedure. The ventilation rate rocedure is easier to apply and used more frequently and is the prescribed approach for this prerequisite. The ventilation rate procedure methodology is found in Section 6.z of ASHRAE 62.1-2007. The standard's Table 6-t, Minimum Ventilation Rates in Breathing Zone, provides information by occupancy category to determine the amount of outdoor air needed to ventilate both people- related source contaminants and area-related source contaminants. The outdoor air rate for people-related source contaminants takes into account the number of occupants and their activities. The outdoor air rate for area-related sources contaminants accounts for background off-gassing from building materials, furniture, and materials typically found in that particular occupancy. Finally, the required zone outdoor airflow is the breathing zone outdoor airflow adjusted to reflect the "zone air distribution effectiveness" using adjustment factors in Table 6-2 of the standard. For multiple-zone systems, outdoor air intake flow is adjusted to reflect the "system ventilation efficiency" of the air distribution configuration, using adjustment factors in Table 6-3 of the standard. If an occupancy category is not included in ASHRAE 62.1-2007, it is up to the the designer to choose 1 that best corresponds to the usage of the space. Explain the rationale for the selection in the submission. Spaces that do not qualify as occupiable spaces are not necessarily excluded from 284 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281823

ventilation rate procedure calculations. Additional ventilation and odor or pollutant control might be necessary to fulfill this prerequisite. Naturally Ventilated Spaces ASHRAE 62.1-2007, Section 5.1, provides requirements on the location and size of ventilation openings fornaturallyventilatedbuildings.All naturallyventilated spaces must within 25 feetof (and permanently open to) an operable wall or roof opening to the outdoors; the operable area also must be at least 4% of the space's net occupiable floor area. Interior spaces without direct openings to the outdoors canbeventilated throughadjoiningrooms ifthe openings between rooms are unobstructed and at least 8% or 25 square feet of the area is free. As appropriate, all other nonventilation-related requirements (e.g., exhaust for combustion appliances, outdoor air assessment, and outdoor air intakes) in the standard must be met An engineered natural ventilation system can show compliance with acceptable engineering calculations or multinodal bulk airflow simulation. Mixed-Mode Ventilated Spaces For mixed-mode ventilated spaces and hybrid ventilation systems, meet the minimum ventilation rates required by Chapter 6 of ASHRAE 62.1-2007, regardless of ventilation mode (natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation, or both mechanical and natural ventilation). Project teams can use any acceptable engineering calculation methodology to demonstrate compliance. 5. Timeline and Team Early in the design process, the architect and mechanical engineer teams determine and design the most appropriate ventilation system for the project building. The design team may include the building owner, tenants, facility manager, and maintenance personnel as applicable; these team members should be present in the design meetings to share ideas on the building owner's needs, special requirement areas, zone categories, occupant density, and occupant needs. Air quality standards should also be established early in the design process and be clearly stated in plans and specifications as design criteria. 6. Calculations For mechanically ventilated spaces, calculations pertaining to the ventilation rate procedure methodology are found in Section 6.2 of ASHRAE 62.1-2007. The breathing zone outdoor airflow is equal to the sum of the outdoor airflow rate required per person times the zone population, plus the outdoor airflow rate required per unit area times the zone floor area. Breathing zone outdoor airflow is the design outdoor airflow required in the breathing zone of the occupiable space or spaces in a zone and is calculated as follows: Vbz = Rp X Pz + Ra X Az Where: Rp = outdoor airflow rate required per person as determined from Table 6-1 in ASH RAE 62.1-2007; Pz = zone population, the largest number of people expected to occupy the zone during typical use; Ra = outdoor airflow rate required per unit area as determined from Table 6-1 in ASHRAE 62.1-2007; and Az = zone floor area, the net occupiable floor area of the zone. IEQ CI Prerequisite 1 2CO9 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 285 EFTA00281824

IEQ CI Prerequisite 1 Zone outdoor airflow is the outdoor airflow that must be provided to the zone by the supply air distribution system and is calculated as follows: Voz — Vbz Ez Where: Ez = Zone air distribution effectiveness as determined from Table 6-2 in ASH RAE 62.1-2007. For single-zone systems, in which t air handler supplies a mixture of outdoor air and recirculated air to only 1 zone, the outdoor air intake flow is (Vot) = Voz. For 100% outdoor air systems, in which 1 air handler supplies only outdoor air to 1 or more zones, Vot = 2all zones x Voz. For multiple-zone recirculating systems, inwhichlair handler supplies a mixture of outdoor air and recirculated return air to more than I zone, calculate the outdoor air intake flow (Vot) as follows: • Determine the zone primary outdoor air fraction, (Zp) = Voz/Vpz, where Vpz is the zone primary airflow (i.e., the primary airflow to the zone from the air handler including outdoor air and recirculated air). For VAV systems, Vpz is the minimum expected primary airflow for design purposes. • Determine the system ventilation efficiency (Ev) from Table 6-3 in in ASHRAE 62.1-2007. • Determine the uncorrected outdoor air intake (Vou) = D Zall zones (Rp)(Pz) + 2all zones RaAz, where the occupant diversity (D) may be used to account for variations in occupancy within zones served by the same system: D = Ps lall zones Pz, and where Ps is the system population, the total population in the area served by the system. The outdoor air intake flow fora multiple-zone recirculating system may then be determined by this calculation: Vot — Vou Ev 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • Develop ventilation calculations demonstrating compliance with the applicable sections of Section 4 through 7 of ASHRAE 62.1-2007, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. 8. Examples The following are examples of the ASHRAE 62. t -2007 ventilation rate procedure calculations. Refer to the ASHRAE standard for project specific applications. Table 1. Sample Summary Calculations for Dete mining Outdoor Air Ventilation Rates Zone Occupancy Category Outdoor Airflow Rate Required per Person (Rol Zone Population (P2) Outdoor Airflow Rate Required per Unit Area (Ra) Zone Floor Area (Az) &me Air Distribution Effectiveness (Ez) Breathing Zone Outdoor Airflow (Voz) VAV-1 Office space 5 8 0.06 310 10 59 VAV-2 Conference MOM 5 10 0.06 270 I.0 66 286 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION EFTA00281825

Table 2. Ventilation Rate Procedure for Multiple-Zone, Variable-Volume System IEQ Inputs for Potentially Onkel Zones CI Prerequisite 1 Zone Name Caner Open North Zone title turns pink italic for critical saves(s) Office Ccmfaenc Room Zone Tag VAVil VAVi2 Conference Spite type Select from pulltkenn list Office Space metal Flo.' Area of zone Ax SI 310 2 Design population of zone Pz P Idelault value fated: may be corarkIden) 8 Design discharge airflow to zone (total primary plus local Wad dm rearCuSate0) 590 Select from 'madam bst or leave blank Induction Runnel Unit. Dual Fan Dual Duct a Fan? it NIA local retire. air fraction repeesentafree of are SOHO, return air Er ITU 0.50 0. Inputs for Operating Condition Analyzed Regent cr total design airflow rate at onolitioned analyzed Ds % 100% 100% Air distribution type at conditioned emlayzed Select from pultcloan list CS Zone air distribution effectnieness at conditioned analyzed Ez 1.00 Primary air ',mien 01 supply air at COMitiale0 analt200 ED .95 Relestelly CillIcelbrise ( North Onferente Ram North Private Office Caner Open Office Scull, Private Office Reception West Open Office East Private Office Interior Office Interior Private Office Interior Conference Room SerVer Room VAV-2 VAVi3 VAW4 VASS VMS VAV-7 VAV4 YAWS, VAVil0 VAV-I1 VAV12 onference meetm:70 Office Space Office Spec Offend Space165 Reception areas Office Space347 Office Space140 Office Space Office Srace„ Conference Meeling220 Computer , nin Pri.nting) 140 107 310 255 65 10 i 8 1 .3.5 5 1 1 1 8 0 ( Private 303 120 465 215 250 450 155 50 50 203 50 ITU ITU ITU ITU ITU ITU ITU ITU ITU ITU RU .50 .50 .50 100% 103% 10D% 100% 100% 100% 103% 100% 100% 100% 100% CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.70 0.75 0.80 Table 3. Results from Ventilation Rate Procedure 14 5/ System Ventilation Efficiency Ev 0.78 Outdoor air intake airflow rate required at condition analyzed Vot 331 of m Outdoor air intake rate per unit floor area Vot/As 0.14 cfmitf Outdoor air intake rate per person served by system (including diversity) Vot/Ps 14.4 cfmilo Outdoor air intake rate as a % of design primary supply air VotAlpsd 13% Uncorrected outdoor air intake airflow rate You 259 cfm Table 4. Sample Summary Calculations for Naturally Ventilated Spaces Zone Floor Area (s0 Nattier Ventilation Opening Area (s0 Opening Areas as Percentageea of Floor Ar Is Distance to Opening 25 Feet or Less? General office 8.000 336 4.20 Yes Training roam 750 32 4.30 Yes Break room 216 12 5.60 Yes LEW REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 287 EFTA00281826

IEQ CI Prerequisite 1 9. Exemplary Performance This prerequisite is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations There are no regional variations associated with this prerequisite. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations For mechanically ventilated systems, provide the building operator with copies of the ventilation rate procedure calculations for each zone used to show compliance with ASH RAE 62.1-2007. Over the building's life, these can be updated with actual occupancyvalues to adjust delivered ventilation rates as appropriate. Provide maintenance personnel with the information needed to understand, maintain, and adjust the ventilation system, and retain mechanical design documents showing zone configurations. Include appropriate setpoints and control sequences in the facility's building operating plan, a sequence of operations document, and recommendations for typical corrective actions. Establish procedures and schedules for testing and maintaining exhaust systems and include them in the building's preventive maintenance plan. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.usgbc.org(projecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) http://www.ashrae.org (404) 636-8400 ASHRAE advances the science of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration for the public's benefit through research, standards writing, continuing education, and publications. U.S. EPA's Indoor Air Qualitywebsite http://wmv.epa.gotq (800) 438-4318 The EPA's IAQwebsite includes a variety oftools, publications, and links to address IAQ concerns in schools and large buildings. A software program available for download, IAQ Building Education and Assessment Model (I-BEAM) provides comprehensive IAQ management guidance and calculates the cost, revenue, and productivity impacts of planned IAQ activities. Publications include these titles: Energy Cost and IAQ Performance of Ventilation Systems and Controls Modeling Study; Building Assessment, Survey, and Evaluation Study; and BuildingAir Quality Action Plan. 13. Definitions Active ventilation is synonymous with mechanical ventilation. Air-conditioning is the process of treating air to meet the requirements of a conditioned space by controlling its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and distribution. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) The breathing zone is the region within an occupied space between 3 and 6 feet above the floor and more than 2 feet from the walls or fixed air-conditioning equipment (AHSRAE 62.1-2007). Contaminants are unwanted airborne constituents that may reduce air quality (ASHRAE 62.1-2007). Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the nature of air inside the space that affects the health and well-being of building occupants. It is considered acceptable when there are no known contaminants at harmful 288 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281827

concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Mechanical ventilation, or active ventilation, is provided by mechanical powered equipment, such as motor-driven fans and blowers, but not by devices such as wind-driven turbine ventilators and mechanically operated windows. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Mixed-mode ventilation combines mechanical and natural ventilation methods. Natural ventilation,orpassiveventilation,is provided bythermal,wind or diffusion effects through doors, windows or other intentional openings in the building. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Passive, or natural, ventilation uses the building layout, fabric, and form to provide ventilation to a conditioned space using nonmechanical forms of heat transfer and air movement, such as stack effect and cross ventilation. Off-gassing is the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from synthetic and natural products. Outdoor air is the ambient air that enters a building through a ventilation system, either through intentional openings for natural ventilation or by infiltration. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Thermal comfort exists when building occupants express satisfaction with the thermal environment. Ventilation is the process of supplying air to or removing air from a space for the purpose of controlling air contaminant levels, humidity, or temperature within the space. (ASHRAE 62.1- 2007). IEQ CI Prerequisite 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 289 EFTA00281828

290 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281829

ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS) CONTROL Prerequisite IEQ Prerequisite 2 Points Required Intent To prevent or minimize exposure of building occupants, indoor surfaces and ventilation air distribution systems to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Requirements CASE 1. Non-Residential Projects OPTION 1 Locate tenant space in a building that prohibits smoking by all occupants and users. within 25 feet of entries, outdoor air intakes and operable windows. OR OPTION 2 Confirm that smoking is prohibited in the portions of the tenant space not designated as a smoking space, all other building areas served by the same HVAC system, and the common areas used by occupants. Ensure that ETS cannot migrate by either mechanical or natural ventilation from other areas of the building. If the occupants are permitted to smoke, provide one or more designated smoking rooms designed to contain, capture and remove ETS from the building. At a minimum, each smoking room must be directly exhausted to the outdoors, with no recirculation of ETS-containing air to nonsmoking areas, enclosed with impermeable deck-to-deck partitions, and operated at a negative pressure compared with surrounding spaces of at least an average of 5 Pa (O.O2 inches of water gauge) and with a minimum oft Pa (0.004 inches of water gauge) when the doors to the smoking rooms are closed. Verify performance of the smoking rooms differential air pressure by conducting 15 minutes of measurement, with a minimum oft measurement every to seconds, of the differential pressure in the smoking room with respect to each adjacent area and in each adjacent vertical chase with the doors to the smoking rooms closed. Conduct the testing with each space configured for worst case conditions of transport of air from the smoking rooms (with doors closed) to adjacent spaces. CASE 2. Multi-Unit Residential Buildings Minimize uncontrolled pathways for ETS transfer between individual residential units by sealing penetrations in walls, ceilings, and floors in the residential units and by sealing vertical chases adjacent to the units. Weather-strip all doors in the residential units leading to common hallways to minimize air leakage into the hallway. Demonstrate acceptable sealing of residential units by conducting a blower door test in accordance with ANSI/ASTM-779-99, Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan Pressurization, IEQ PREREQUISITE 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 291 EFTA00281830

IEQ PREREQUISITE 2 Use the progressive sampling methodology defined in Chapter 7 (Home Energy Rating Systems (HERS) Required Verification and Diagnostic Testing) of the California Low RiseResidentialAltemativeCalculationMethodApprovalManual,foundat(httt 3i/(www. energy.ca.govititlez4_1998_standardsfresidential_acm/CHAPTER07.pdf). Residential units must demonstrate less than 1.25 square inches of leakage area per too square feet of enclosure area (i.e., sum of all wall, ceiling and floor areas). 292 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281831

1. Benefits and Issues to Consider The purpose of this prerequisite is to limit the exposure of building occupants to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS), or secondhand smoke. ETS is produced by burning cigarettes, pipes, or cigars. It contains thousands of different compounds, many of which are known carcinogens. " The relationship between smoking and various health risks, including lung disease, cancer, and heart disease, is well documented. A strong link between ETS and similar health risks has also been demonstrated. The most effectivewayto avoid health problems associated with ETS is to prohibit smoking indoors. If this cannot be accomplished, indoor smoking areas must be isolated from nonsmoking areas and have separate ventilation systems to prevent the introduction of tobacco smoke contaminants to nonsmoking areas. Environmental Issues Separate indoor smoking areas occupy additional space and may result in a larger building, greater material use, and increased energy for ventilation. However, these environmental impacts can be offset by the gains in health and well-being of building occupants who are more comfortable, have higher productivity rates. lower absenteeism, and less illness. Economic Issues Fora LEED for Commercial Interiors project, the economic impacts of a nonsmoking policy may be positive or negative and also affect the long-term value of the building. Providing separate smoking areas adds to the design and construction costs of most projects, and maintaining designated smoking areas also adds to lease and operating costs. Prohibiting indoor smoking can increase the useful life of interior fuctures and furnishings. Smoking within a building contaminates indoor air and can cause occupant reactions, including irritation, illness, and decreased productivity. These problems increase expenses and liability for building owners, tenants, operators, and insurance companies. Strict no-smoking policies will result in lower health care and insurance costs. 2. Related Credits The use of separate ventilation systems to isolate smoking areas from the rest of the building requires additional energy and commissioning, as well as measurement and verification efforts. This prerequisite is related to the following prerequisites and credits: ■ EA Prerequisite is Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems ■ EA Credit I: Optimize Energy Performance ■ EA Credit 2: Enhanced Commissioning ■ EA Credit 3: Measurement and Verification Because smoking, both indoors and outdoors, affects the IAQ performance of the building, this prerequisite is also related to the following prerequisites and credits: ■ IEQ Prerequisite Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance ■ IEQ Credit 1: Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring ■ IEQ Credit 2: Increased Ventilation Project teams may wish to address smoking-related contaminants in the building in conjunction with other sources of air pollutants, as outlined in the following credits: ■ IEQ Credit 4: Low-Emitting Materials IEQ CI Prerequisite 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 293 EFTA00281832

'Ea CI Prerequisite 2 • I EQ Credit 5: Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control 3. Summary of Referenced Standards AmericanNational Standards InstituteANSI-En9-03,StandardTestMethodforDetermining Air Leakage Rate by Fan Pressurization To purchase this standard, go to h_s_tp:ffiwww.astm.org. This test method covers a standardized technique for measuring air leakage rates through a building envelope under controlled pressurization and depressurization; it should produce a measurement of the air tightness of a building envelope California Low Rise Residential Alternative Calculation Method Approval Manual, Home Energy Rating Systems (HERS) Required Verification and Diagnostic Testing, California Energy Commission http://www.energy.ca.gov/HERS/96zo 4. Implementation Choose abuilding inwhich smoking is prohibited. Provide appropriatelylocated designated smoking areas outside the building—away from building entrances, operable windows, and ventilation system fresh air intakes—and post information on the nonsmoking policy for occupants to read. If interior smoking areas are incorporated within the building, install separate ventilation systems and test their effectiveness to ensure that they are isolated from the nonsmoking portions of the building. 5. Timeline and Team The tenant space, building, and site smoking policies should be drafted by the facility manager and signed by the occupant, facility manager, and property manager or owner. These policies should be in place over the tenant's occupancy. Enforcing the tenant space policy is the responsibility of the tenant. Enforcing the building and site policy is the responsibility of the facility manager or owner, and groundskeeper. Any building modifications made to accommodate new smoking rooms should be coordinated by the facility manager in consultationwith the building owner. 6. Calculations There are no calculations required for this prerequisite. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Develop an environmental tobacco smoke policy that details areas where smoking is prohibited. ■ Maintain documentation (e.g., site plans and renderings) that visually indicates how the smoking policy has been implemented on-site. ■ Track and record testing data for any interior smoking rooms to verify that there is no cross contamination to adjacent spaces. 294 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281833

8. Examples Figure 1. Compliant Smoking Room CONTROL DMIPER SUPPLY AIR ISOLATION ROOM Figure t illustrates the degree of isolation required to comply with this prerequisite. The anteroom helps prevent pollutants from entering the rest of the building. Air enters and exits the designated smoking room through control dampers, maintaining a constant flow. Upon exiting, the air mayor may not be filtered before exiting the building. Air recirculated into the room is filtered. 9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations Figure 2. Smoking Bans, by State's Staist.t is ■ land In wenn% and IS /MOW 4. MI Braid al tint ta OM/ • ow We* Mal nallarlibry WPM. Figure 2 shows how the U.S. states regulate smoking. Idaho has a statewide ban on smoking in restaurants, as does Georgia. South Dakota has a statewide ban on smoking in nonhospitality workplaces. New Hampshire bans smoking in restaurants and bars. Individual cities, counties, IEQ CI Prerequisite 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 295 EFTA00281834

IEQ CI Prerequisite 2 or towns may have their own laws on smoking. Consult local ordinances before establishing a smoking policy for the project building. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Communicate the building's smoking policy to all occupants, establish a plan for enforcement, and designate the person responsible for implementing the policy. This person should verify the effectiveness of ETS control measures in the designated areas, track the dates of each performance test, make sure that the air sealing of designated smoking areas (including any residential units) is not damaged, and investigate smoke odor complaints. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (httpd/www.usgbc.org(projecttoob) for additional resources and technical information. Websites Isolation Rooms and Pressurization Control http:/tmengr.psu.edu/APieclabeicontrolfisolation.asp This document describes the engineering involved in negative pressure rooms. Secondhand Smoke: What You Can Do about Secondhand Smoke as Parents, Decision Makers, and Building Occupants The EPA SmokingEPAF This EPA document (reprinted by Environment, Health, and Safety Online) describes the effects of ETS and measures for reducing human exposure to it. Setting the Record Straight Secondhand Smoke Is a Preventable Health Risk The EPA http:fiwne govismokefreeipubststrsfs.html This EPA document reviews laboratory research on ETS and federal legislation aimed at curbing ETS-related problems. Smoke-Free Lists, Maps, and Data http://ww.no-smoke.orgigoingsmokefree.php?id=99 These publications from the American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation describe all of the tobacco control ordinances, by-laws, and board of health regulations. Print Media The Chemistry of Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Composition and Measurement, 2nd edition, by RA. Jenkins, B.A. Tomkins, et al. (CRC Press & Lewis Publishers, 2OOO). The Smoke-Free Guide: How to Eliminate Tobacco Smoke from Your Environment, by Arlene Galloway (Gordon Soules Book Publishers,1988). 13. Definitions Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), or secondhand smoke, consists of airborne particles emitted from the burning end of cigarettes, pipes, and cigars, and exhaled by smokers. These particles contain about 4,000 compounds, up to so ofwhich are known to cause cancer. Ventilation is the provision and removal of air to control air contaminant levels, humidity, or temperature within an indoor space. Ventilation is measured in air changes per hour—the quantity of infiltration air in cubic feet per minute (cfm) divided by the volume of the room. 296 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281835

OUTDOOR AIR DELIVERY MONITORING a Credit I EQ Credit 1 Points 1 point Intent To provide capacity for ventilation system monitoring to promote occupant comfort and well- being. Requirements Install permanent monitoring systems to ensure that ventilation systems maintain design minimum requirements. Configure all monitoring equipment to generate an alarm when the airflow values or carbon diodde(CO2) levels vary by to% or more from the design values, via either a building automation system alarm to the building operator or a visual or audible alert to the building occupants AND CASE 1. Mechanically Ventilated Spaces Monitor CO2 concentrations within all densely occupied spaces (those with a design occupant density of 25 people or more per moo square feet). COz monitors must be between 3 and 6 feet above the floor. Provide a direct outdoor airflow measurement device capable of measuring the minimum outdoor air intake flow with an accuracy of plus or minus 15% of the design minimum outdoor air rate, as defined by ASHRAE 62.1-2007 (with errata but without addenda') for mechanical ventilation systems where 20% or more of the design supply airflow serves nondensely occupied spaces, CASE 2. Naturally Ventilated Spaces Monitor CO2 concentrations within all naturally ventilated spaces. CO2 monitors must be between 3 feet and 6 feet above the floor. One CO2 sensor maybe used to monitor multiple nondensely occupied spaces if the natural ventilation design uses passive stack(s) or other means to induce airflow through those spaces equally and simultaneously without intervention by building occupants'. Project WAIIIS WiNbirt:1011WASI IRAE wproved 4ddendit for the pusixiscso! this credit mar be vphedconsiityntlyit. to, Al I.EMD. 'edit s. OIL:monitor ing is required in all densely occupied ,ixtccs.reprdloso!dysigt, aPPryik h t their disoctioo. Addotaz mus: IEQ CREDIT 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 297 EFTA00281836

I ED CI Credit 1 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Measuring CO2 concentrations to determine and maintain adequate outdoor air ventilation rates in buildings is t recommended method for achieving better indoor air quality (IAQ). Increasing ventilation rates may require additional energy inputs, which generate additional air and water pollution. CO2 concentrations are an indicator of ventilation effectiveness, with elevated levels suggesting inadequate ventilation and possible buildup of indoor air pollutants. Although CO2 alone is not harmful, high concentrations of CO2 in indoor environments displace oxygen and therefore can lead to headaches, dizziness, and increased heart rate." Economic Issues Installing CO2 and ventilation rate monitoring systems requires an investment in equipment, installation, annual calibration, and maintenance. However, these systems enable building owners, maintenance personnel, and occupants to detect air quality problems quickly so that corrective action can be taken. Reduced absenteeism and increased occupant productivity, though difficult to quantify, are important factors in the valuation on investment for these systems. Effective air quality monitoring can also extend the life of a building's HVAC system and reduce building energy use by ensuring that the amount of makeup air provided accurately reflects building occupancy loads. CO2 and ventilation rate monitoring systems increase initial construction costs. Capital costs and annual costs for air-flow monitoring equipment maintenance and calibration procedures may be offset by reduced absenteeism, increased occupant productivity, and reduced HVAC energy use. 2. Related Credits The indoor air quality (IAQ) of the project building is important to occupants' productivity, health, and satisfaction. In addition, it is related to daily building activities. The monitors can help inform the commissioning agents and the measurement and verification process and thereby improve IAQ while minimizing energy losses. The following prerequisites and credits are related to this credit: ■ IEQ Credit 2: Increased Ventilation ■ EA Prerequisite 1: Fundamental Building Commissioning ■ EA Credit 2: Enhanced Commissioning ■ EA Credit 3: Measurement and Verification Dense neighborhoods, heavy traffic, and existing site contamination can adversely affect CO2 levels and the quality of outside air available for ventilation purposes. Consider also these credits: ■ SS Credit s Alternative Transportation ■ SS Credit 1: Option I, Brownfield Redevelopment 3. Summary of Referenced Standards American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) httpOinvw.ashrae.org This standard specifies minimum ventilation rates and IAQ levels so as to reduce the potential for adverse health effects. The standard specifies that ventilation systems be designed to prevent uptake of contaminants, minimize growth and dissemination of microorganisms, and, if necessary, filter particulates. 298 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281837

The standard outlines a ventilation rate procedure and an IAQ procedure for compliance. The ventilation rate procedure prescribes outdoor air quality levels acceptable for ventilation; treatment measures for contaminated outdoor air; and ventilation rates for residential, commercial,institutional,vehicular,and industrial spaces. The IAQ Procedure is a performance- based design approach in which the building and its ventilation system maintain concentrations of specific contaminants at or below certain previously determined limits in order to achieve an indoor air quality acceptable to building occupants and/or visitors. For the purposes of this procedure, acceptable perceived indoor air quality excludes dissatisfaction related to thermal comfort, noise and vibration, lighting, and psychological stressors. The IAQ procedure also includes criteria for the following situations: reducing outdoor air quantities when recirculated air is treated by contaminant-removal equipment and ventilating when a space's air volume is used as a reservoir to dilute contaminants. The IAQ procedure incorporates quantitative and subjective evaluation and restricts contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels. ASH RAE updated the standard in =07 to include requirements for buildings that allow smoking in designated areas to separate areas with environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from those without ETS . The standard now also clarifies how designers must analyze mechanical cooling systems to limit indoor relative humidity that would cause dampness-related problems such as mold and microbial growth. Project teams wishing to use ASHRAE-approved addenda for the purposes of this credit may do so at their own discretion. Apply addenda consistently across all LEED credits. 4. Implementation Building HVAC systems are designed to flush out indoor airborne contaminants by exhausting old air and replacing it with outdoor air. The rate of ventilation air exchange is generally determined in the design phase based on space density and type of occupancy. Many conventional ventilation systems do not directly measure the how much outdoor air is delivered. Implementation of the following strategies is recommended to achieve this credit. Outdoor Air Flow Monitoring Monitoring the outdoor air flow rate confirms that the HVAC equipment is providing the required ventilation rate. Air balance control methodologies such as fan-tracking and measuring building- pressurization do not directly prove that appropriate ventilation air is being provided and do not satisfy the credit requirement. The ventilation rate can be measured at the outdoor air intake of an air distribution system using a variety of airflow devices, including Pitot tubes, Venturi meters, rotating vane anemometers, and mass air flow sensors. These sensors must be installed according to the manufacturer's best practices guidelines. The ventilation rate for a particular HVAC system also can be determined from a mass balance calculation if both supply air flow and return airflow are directly measured with air flow monitoring devices. To satisfy the requirements of this credit, the measurement devices must detect when the system is is %below the design's minimum outdoor air rate. When the ventilation system fails to provide the required levels of outside air, the monitoring system should be configured to deliver a visible or audible alert to the system operator to indicate that operational adjustments might be necessary. The minimum outdoor air rate might change based on the design and modes of the HVAC system. Constant volume systems with steady-state design occupancy conditions usually have different outdoor air rates for weekdays and nighttime or off-peak conditions. In variable air volume (VAV) systems, the rate of outdoor air needs to stay above the design minimum, even when the supply air flow is decreased because of reduced thermal load conditions. IEQ CI Credit 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 299 EFTA00281838

I EQ CI Credit 1 CO2 Monitoring Carbon dioxide (CO2) monitors can also measure the effectiveness of the ventilation system in delivering outdoor air.. Properly placed CO2 monitors can confirm that a ventilation system is functioningproperly. There are atypical system configurations that generallymeet the requirements of this credit. The first approach involves CO2 sensors that use measured concentration to provide an alert. An indoor concentration of moo ppm was commonly used in the past as the set point for the alarm, but a higher alarm concentration may be appropriate when the design complies with Standard 62.1-2007 because the effective ventilation rate per person has been reduced significantly for some zones. ASHRAE 62.1-2007 Users Manual Appendix A provides a further discussion on CO2 sensors, including demand control ventilation (DCV). LocateCO2monitors so thattheyprovide accurate representative readings oftheCO2concentrations in occupied spaces. Multiple CO2 monitoring stations throughout occupied spaces provide better information and control than a single CO2 monitor for the entire system. A single CO2 monitor, typically installed in the return air duct, is less expensive and easier to use than providing multiple sensors, but it may be able to identify underventilated areas in the building. The second approach for buildings with HVAC systems that have limited airflow monitoring capabilities (small capacity air handling units or split systems) is to use differential CO2 monitoring to satisfy the requirements of the credit. This approach requires CO2 monitors in all occupied spaces, an outdoor CO2 monitor, and a means by which the air handling units can provide a greater amount of outside air if the CO2 delta between the spaces reaches or exceeds S3o ppm, CO2 Monitoring in Densely Occupied Spaces The CO2 level for each densely occupied space in a mechanically ventilated building needs to be monitored to satisfy the credit requirements. The density factor is 25 people per 1,000 square feet; for example, a 2.40-square-foot conference room that accommodates six or more people would need a CO2 monitor. CO2 monitors in densely occupied spaces should be mounted within the space's vertical breathing zone (between 3 and 6 feet above the floor). CO2 Monitoring in Naturally Ventilated Spaces Monitoring CO2 levels in the occupied spaces in naturally ventilated buildings provides feedback to building occupants and operators so that they can adjust the ventilation by, for example, opening windows. CO2 monitoring requires additional commissioning, maintenance attention, and the installation of additional equipment. Monitoring Existing HVAC Systems For new outdoor air monitoring systems added to an existing building HVAC system, make sure that the design strategy is compatible with the existing HVAC and automation systems. This is especially important for commercial interior projects where a tenant space will likely share a central HVAC system with the rest of the building. If the building owner does not allow modulation of the outside air based on feedback from CO2 monitors located in r tenant space, consider including monitoring in the building selection criteria. Prior to Occupancy Before air balancing and commissioning, the project team should make sure that the monitoring system is calibrated and that the set points and control sequences meet project specifications. The team should provide the building owner, maintenance personnel, and occupants with the information and training 300 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281839

needed to understand, maintain, and respond to the monitoring system. Sensors should be recalibrated based on the manufacturer's requirements. CO2sensors that require recalibration intervals of at least years are recommended. If a CO2 monitor is allowed to fall out of calibration, it may indicate that indoor CO2 concentrations are lower or higher than they actually are, leading to under- or over-ventilation of the space. A permanent ventilation monitoring system assists in detecting IAQ problems quickly so that any problems can be corrected. Under-ventilation of a space can lead to unsatisfactory indoor environmentalconditions and occupant discomfort. Overventilation of a space may needlessly increase utility costs and pose a challenge to maintaining indoorcomfort. 5. Timeline and Team The placement of outdoor air sensors and intakes should be coordinated with the design team before construction documents are prepared. Engage a mechanical engineer on the issues of outdoor air delivery monitoring no later than the design development phase. 6. Calculations There are no calculations required for this credit 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • Incorporate air flow monitors and CO2 sensors into floor plans, schematics, elevations (where applicable), and mechanical schedules • Commission ventilation systems to monitor for excess energy use • Check alarm systems to make sure settings are in accordance with ASHRAE 62.1-2007 for mechanical ventilation systems • Calibrate all building automation systems according to the manufacturer's recommendations and routinely check the function of the alarm systems 8. Examples There are no examples for this credit. 9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations Ambient outdoor CO2 concentrations may fluctuate between approximately 300 and son ppm based on local and regional factors. Time-of-day fluctuations near major congested highways and annual fluctuations, if any, should also be considered. High ambient CO2 concentrations typically indicate combustion or other contaminant sources. Lower ventilation rates may yield a sense of stuffiness or general dissatisfaction with IAQ. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Provide the building owner, maintenance personnel, and occupants with the information and training needed to understand, maintain, and use the monitoring system. Maintenance personnel should make inspection of CO2 monitors part of routine operations and maintenance and preventive maintenance activities. In the facility's operating plan and sequence of operations document, include appropriate setpoints and control sequences as well as recommendations for typical corrective actions. IEQ CI Credit 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 301 EFTA00281840

I EQ CI Credit 1 Establish procedures and schedules for inspecting CO2 monitors and airflow monitoring stations, recalibrating sensors based on the manufacturer's requirements, and testing and maintain the exhaust systems, and include them in the building's preventive maintenance plan. Use CO2 sensors that require recalibration no less than every s years. A CO2 monitor that has fallen outof calibration may indicate that indoorCO2 concentrations are lower or higher than they actually are, leading to underventilation or overventilation of the space. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.uszbc.orgiproiecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) http:fiwww.ashrae.org ASHRAE advances the science of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration for the public's benefit through research, standards writing, continuing education, and publications. Building Air Quality: A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers http://www.e govfiaglargekklp This EPA publication details IAQ sources in buildings and methods to prevent and resolve IAQ problems. Print Media Air HandlingSystems Design, by Tseng-Yao Sun. (McGraw Hill, 1992). Efficient Building Design Series, Volume 2: Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning, by J. Trost and Frederick Trost (Prentice Hall,1998). ASHRAEss-2004:Theimal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy (ASHRAE, 2004). ASHRAE 62.1-2007: Ventilation for Acceptable IndoorAir Quality (ASH RAE, 2007). ASTM D 6245-1998: Standard Guiclefir Using Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concentrations to Evaluate Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation (ASTM,1998). 13. Definitions The breathing zone is the region within an occupied space between 3 and 6 feet above the floor and more than 2 feet from the walls or fixed air-conditioning equipment. (AHSRAE 62.1-2007) CO2 is carbon diadde. Densely occupied space is an area with a design occupant density of 25 people or more per 1,000 square feet (40 square feet or less per person). HVAC systems are equipment, distribution systems, and terminals that provide the processes of heating, ventilating, or air-conditioning. (ASHRAE 90.1-2007) Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the nature of air inside a building that affects the health and well-being ofbuildingoccupants. It is considered acceptablewhen there are no known contaminants atharrnful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Mechanical ventilation is provided by mechanically powered equipment, such as motor-driven fans and blowers, but not by devices such as wind-driven turbine ventilators and mechanically operated windows. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) 302 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281841

Natural ventilation is provided by thermal, wind or diffusion effects through doors, windows, or other intentional openings in the building. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Occupants in a commercial buildingareworkers who either have a permanent office or workstation or typically spend a minimum of to hours per week in the project building; in a residential building, regular occupants also include all persons who live in the building. Outdoor air is the ambient air that enters a building through a ventilation system, either through intentional openings for natural ventilation or by infiltration. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) ppm is parts per million. Return air is removed from a space and then recirculated or exhausted. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Ventilation is the process of supplying air to or removing air from a space for the purpose of controlling air contaminant levels, humidity or temperature within the space. (ASHRAE 62.1- 2007) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carbon compounds (excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides and carbonates, and ammonium carbonate) that participate in atmospheric photochemical reactions. The compounds vaporize (become a gas) at normal room temperatures. IEQ CI Credit 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 303 EFTA00281842

304 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281843

INCREASED VENTILATION Credit IEQ Credit 2 Points 1 point Intent To provide additional air ventilation to improve indoor air quality for improved occupant comfort, well-being and productivity. Requirements CASE 1. Mechanically Ventilated Spaces Increase breathing zone outdoor air ventilation rates to all occupied spaces by at least 30% above the minimum rates required byASHRAE62.1-2007 (with erratabut without addenda') as determined by I EQ Prerequisite 1: Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance. CASE 2. Naturally Ventilated Spaces Design natural ventilation systems for occupied spaces to meet the recommendations set forth in the Carbon Trust's Good Practice Guide 2.37 (1998). Determine that natural ventilation is an effective strategy for the project by following the flow diagram process shown in Figure LIS of the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) Applications Manual 10: zoos, Natural Ventilation in Non-domestic Buildings AND OPTION 1 Use diagrams and calculations to show that the design of the natural ventilation systems meets the recommendations set forth in the CIBSE Applications Manual 10: 200s, Natural Ventilation in Non-domestic Buildings. OR OPTION 2 Use a macroscopic, multizone, analytic model to predict that room-by-room airflows will effectively naturally ventilate, defined as providing minimum ventilation rates required by ASHRAE 62.1-2007 Chapter 6 (with errata but without addenda'), for at least go% of occupied spaces. Projtk; :cam -:o um: ASI IliAl-:approvcd aaacnala pi, !It thl do.,,a; thc:2 Addl.-raiz ha appli :arm, al: IEQ CREDIT 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 305 EFTA00281844

I Ell CI Credit 2 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Americans spendabout90%oftheirtime indoors,where concentrationsofpollutants areoften much higher than those outside. Of the thousands of chemicals and biological pollutants found indoors, many are known to have significant health impacts. Risks include asthma, cancer, and reproductive and developmental problems." Increasing ventilation above minimum standards improves the indoor air quality (IAQ) of a building's occupied spaces and directly benefits occupants' health and well-being. Economic Issues Depending on the climate, increasing ventilation rates by 3o% beyond ASHRAE 62.1-2007 can yield higher HVAC energy costs and potentially greater HVAC capacity needs than associated with the minimum ventilation rates established in the standard. This increase in HVAC capacity and energy use will be more pronounced in extreme climates than in mild, temperate climates. Some organizations increase the outdoor air intake rate because they have found the resulting IAQ is associated with improved employee health, welfare, well-being and productivity. The use of heat transfer equipment, like heat recovery wheels, can precondition intake air and minimize the extent to which increased ventilation requires additional energy to heat and cool intake air. Although a naturally ventilated building may have less invested in equipment, it may have higher quality windows and increased thermal mass. Power, fuel, and maintenance costs of naturally ventilated buildings tend to be lower. 2. Related Credits Ventilation strategies influence the overall energy performance of the building and require commissioning as well as measurement and verification. Increased ventilation, particularly when delivered by mechanical systems,can increa se energy consumption. Installing a permanent ventilation performance monitoring system can facilitate the achievement and maintenance of increased ventilation. For these reasons, increased ventilation is related to the following other credits: ■ EA Prerequisite 1: Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems ■ EA Prerequisite a: Minimum Energy Performance ■ EA Credit Optimize Energy Performance • EA Credit 2: Enhanced Commissioning • EA Credit 3: Measurement and Verification • IEQ Credit 1: Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring 3. Summary of Referenced Standards American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (Ventilation Rate Procedure), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) http://www.ashrae.org This standard specifies minimum ventilation rates and IAQ levels so as to reduce the potential for adverse health effects. The standard specifies that ventilation systems be designed to prevent uptake of contaminants, minimize growth and dissemination of microorganisms, and, if necessary, filter particulates. The standard outlines a ventilation rate procedure and an IAQ procedure for compliance. The ventilation rate procedure prescribes outdoor air quality levels acceptable for ventilation; treatment measures for contaminated outdoor air, and ventilation rates for residential, commercial, 306 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281845

institutional, vehicular, and industrial spaces. The IAQ Procedure is a performance-based design approach in which the building and its ventilation system maintain concentrations of specific contaminants at or below certain previously determined limits in order to achieve an indoor air quality acceptable to building occupants and/or visitors. For the purposes of this procedure, acceptable perceived indoor air quality excludes dissatisfaction related to thermal comfort, noise and vibration, lighting, and psychological stressors. The IAQ procedure also includes criteria for the following situations: reducing outdoor air quantities when recirculated air is treated by contaminant-removal equipment and ventilating when a space's air volume is used as a reservoir to dilute contaminants. The IAQ procedure incorporates quantitative and subjective evaluation and restricts contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels. ASHRAE updated the standard in 2.007 to include requirements for buildings that allow smoking in designated areas to separate areas with environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from those without ETS . The standard now also clarifies how designers must analyze mechanical cooling systems to limit indoor relative humidity that would cause dampness-related problems such as mold and microbial growth. Project teams wishing to use ASHRAE-approved addenda for the purposes ofthis credit may do so at their own discretion. Apply addenda consistently across all LEED credits. Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) Applications Manual to, Natural Ventilation in Non-Domestic Buildings, zoos Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) http:(/www.cibse.org/ CIBSE Applications Manual to provides guidance for implementing natural ventilation in nonresidential buildings. It provides detailed information on how to adopt natural ventilation as the sole servicing strategy for a building or as an element in a mixed mode design. According to the publisher, this manual "is a major revision of the Applications Manual (AM) first published in 1997. At the time, there was a significant expansion of interest in the application of engineered natural ventilation to the design of non-domestic buildings. The original Alto sought to capture the state of knowledge as it existed in the mid-9os and present it in a form suited to the needs of every member of the design team. Some 10 years on from the time when the initial manual was conceived, the state of knowledge has increased, and experience in the design and operation of naturally ventilated buildings has grown. This revision ofAM so is therefore a timely opportunity to update and enhance the guidance offered to designers and users of naturally ventilated buildings." The Carbon Trust Good Practice Guide zr, Natural Ventilation in Non-Domestic Buildings, A Guide for Designers, Developers, and Owners,1998 http://www.thecarbontrustco.ulc According to the Carbon Trust,"Carefully designed, naturallyventilated buildings can be cheaper to construct, maintain and operate than more heavily serviced equivalents. Occupants generally prefer windows that can be opened, and natural light, both ofwhich are features of well designed, naturally ventilated buildings. The Guide summarizes the benefits of natural ventilation and considers the commercial implications, illustrating the issues by means of case studies." To obtainacopy, search for"GPG zr"on the Carbon Trust Energywebsite or go tom.carbontrust. co.uk/Publications/publicationdetail.htrn?productid=GPGzu&metalloCache=1. 4. Implementation Agreen building should provide its occupants with superior indoor air quality (IAQ) to support their productivity andwell-being. Providing adequateventilation rates is keyto maintaining superior IAQ. Underventilated buildings may be stuffy, odorous, uncomfortable and/or unhealthy for occupants. IEQ CI Credit 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 307 EFTA00281846

IEQ CI Credit 2 Building ventilation systems, including both active HVAC systems and natural ventilation systems, are designed and installed to introduce outside air into the building while exhausting an equal amount of building air. HVAC systems typically serve other functions as well, including providing thermal comfort for occupants. Building conditioning systems that provide enhanced ventilation air as efficiently and effectively as possible will help maintain a high standard of IAQ in the building. There are 3 basic methods for ventilating buildings: • mechanical ventilation (i.e., active ventilation) • natural ventilation (i.e., passive ventilation) • mixed-mode ventilation (i.e., both mechanical and natural ventilation) ASH RAE 62.1-2007 provides ventilation rate standards for different types of buildings and building uses. Projects that exceed the standards for mechanically ventilated buildings by 30% will meet the requirements for the LEED for Commercial Interiors credit. The Applications Manual 1O-2005, "Natural Ventilation in Non-Domestic Buildings," provides guidance on appropriate natural ventilation design for adequateoutdoor airexchange in abuilding. Naturallyventilated spaces should follow these guidelines to meet the credit requirements. Projects using mixed-mode ventilation need to comply with ASH RAE 62.1-2007 for the mechanically ventilated portion and CI ESE AM10 for the naturally ventilated portion. In addition to designing the HVAC systems properly and selecting appropriate building materials, increasing ventilation rates beyond standard practice is t way to provide superior IAQ. Managing IAQ concerns during construction and operations is also appropriate for many green building projects. For mechanicallyventilated and air-conditioned buildings, increasing ventilation rates will likely mean greater HVAC system capacity and energy use. Natural ventilation systems can provide increased ventilation rates, good IAQ, and occupant control over thermal comfort and ventilation via operable windows. Mechanically Ventilated Spaces: Ventilation Rate Procedure Section 6 of ASHRAE 62.1-2007 outlines guidelines for determining ventilation rates for various applications, using either the ventilation rate procedure or the IAQ procedure. The ventilation rate procedure easier to apply and used more frequently than the LkQ procedure,. It is the recommended approach used in IEQ Prerequisite t, Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance. When following the ventilation rate procedure, use the methodology found in Section 6.2 of ASHRAE 62.1-2007. The breathing zone outdoor airflow is equal to the sum of the outdoor airflow rate required per person times the zone population, plus the outdoor airflow rate required per unit area times the zone floor area: Breathing zone _ Outdoor airflow zone ) Outdoor air lbw rate zone floor outdoor airflow — rate per person X population + required per unit X area The standard's 'Fable 6-1, Minimum Ventilation Rates in Breathing Zone, provides information by occupancy category to determine both the amount of outdoor air needed to ventilate people-related source contaminants and area-related source contaminants. The people-related sources figure of the outdoor air rate addresses actual occupancy . densityand activity. The area-related sources figure accounts for background off-gassing from building materials, furniture and materials typically found in that particular occupancy. Finally, the required zone outdoor airflow is the breathing zone outdoor airflow adjusted to reflect the efficiency of the actual air distribution configuration. This LEED for Green Interior Design and Construction credit requires that applicants demonstrate that the delivered zone outdoor airflow is at least 30% more than what is required by ASHRAE 308 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281847

62.1-2007 for each zone. Table t shows how the sample space used in IEQ Prerequisite Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance, has reached the 30% increase. Table 1. ASHRAE 62.1-2007 Ventilation Rate Procedure IEQ CI Credit 2 Zane I Standard Case: ASNRAE 62.1-2007 Verification Rate Procedure Design Case Table 61 Table 6.2 Table 6.3 Zone Occupancy Category Area hit People O utdRa wr te Air (elm, person) Area Outdoor Air Rate ferrn/s1) Occupant Density III 1000 sO Breathing Zone e Outd oc ntake Air Flow VW (dm) Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness Ez Zone Outdoor Air Flow Voz (cfm) System Ventilation Efficiency Ey Minimum Outdoor Air I Flow Vol (elm) Design Outdoor Air Intake Flow Wm) Zone Primary Air Flour Faction Vpz (cfm) Primary Outdoor Air Fraction Zp • VozNpz % Increase Orer Standard General Office 8000 5 0.06 5 680 1.0 680 1.0 680 900 8000 0.09 32% Office Space Training Lecture 750 7.5 0.06 65 411 1.2 342 0.9 380 500 1400 0.24 32% Room Classroom Break Conference 250 5 0.06 50 63 1.0 63 1.0 63 85 500 0.13 36% Room Meeting Total 9000 1154 1085 1123 1485 9900 32% Notes: For the general office pace. air distribution is warhead he ce Et 1. Outdoor air fracti n, Zp. c 0.15. hence system ventilation fficiency is 1.0. For the training room. air distribution is underfloor, llama E 1.2. Outdoor air fraction. Zp c 0.25, hence system ventilation effici ncy is 0.9. For the break room, ai distribution iswarhead, hence Et 1. Outdoor air fraction, Zp, 0.15, hence system ventilation efficiency is 1.0. Naturally Ventilated Spaces There are 2 ways to demonstration compliance when using natural ventilation: 1 is the compliance path found in Chapter 2 of the CIBSE Applications Manual 10 (AM10); the other is to provide documentation using a macroscopic, multizone, analytic model that predicts room-by-room air flow rates. When using AM10 (see Figure 1), should begin by establishing the required flow rates hrough each space. There is an acceptable average rate needed for IAQ and thermal comfort; exceeding this rate results in wasted energy during the heating seasons. Additional ventilation is needed for the summer cooling requirements. There are several ways to determine the acceptable average rate needed for IAQ and thermal comfort such as using a separate manual or simulation software listed in AM10. Project teams should explain their choice. Submittals must include a narrative with information on the building, its orientation, and the glazing ratios. Include a summary of the internal heat gains and weather conditions; explain the ventilation strategy, including the airflow paths, rates planned for different operational periods during the day and night, peak internal temperatures, and means of shading for summer solar gains; provide sample calculations on how the opening size for operable windows, trickle vents and louvers was determined; and include the calculations for the driving pressure, showing the effects of both wind and stack-induced pressure differentials. When using a macroscopic, multizone, analytic model that predicts room-by-room air flow rates, prepare a narrativewith the same information listed above anddemonstratethat90%ofthe occupied areas meet the room-by-room airflow rates. Indicate the source of the standard being used, such as Volume A of the CIBSE Guide,ASHRAE 6z.t-z007, Section 6.2. 5. Timeline and Team Most project teams decide early on whether to have a mechanical ventilation system, a passive ventilation system, or a combination. This decision might be influenced by the building size and type, aswell as climatic, economic, and organizational considerations. Figure t, from CIBSE AM to, provides a decision diagram to help teams make an informed evaluation. In addition, project teams considering natural ventilation should evaluate site conditions and building design. Potential IAQ problems might /039 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 309 EFTA00281848

'ER CI Credit 2 arise from traffic exhaust, nearby polluting industries, and neighboring waste management sites. This credit requires that applicants demonstrate the required increased ventilation rate for the project during the performance period. Critical team members during this phase include the design team, mechanical engineers, the facility manager, and building owner. Figure 1. Selecting Natural Ventilation for Nondomestic Buildings From CI ESE Applications Manual AM10-2005. 6. Calculations Mechanically Ventilated Spaces To show compliance in mechanically ventilated spaces, use the calculations in the ASHRAE User Manual and the calculators for IEQ Prerequisite t, Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance, available for free download on the LEED Registered Project Tools page of the USGBC website. The same calculations are used to document IEQ Prerequisite 1. 310 LEW REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281849

Naturally Ventilated Spaces Determine the opening sizes for operable windows, trickle vents, and louvers in accordance with CIBSE Applications Manual to. Alternatively, for project teams using a macroscopic, multizone, analytic model that predicts room-by-room airflow rates, provide the room-by-room outdoor airflow rates predicted by the analysis and a comparison with minimum ventilation rates required by ASHRAE 62..t -z007, Section 6. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • Perform calculations and size mechanical equipment to accommodate increased ventilation rates. • For naturally ventilated projects, maintain appropriate visual documentation (e.g., plans) of open areas within the project. 8. Examples Ventilation rates as specified by ASHRAE must be determined for each space. The example in Table calculates the percentage increase in ventilation for 3 sample spaces, each of which provides increased ventilation sufficient to meet the credit requirements. Table 2. Sample Summary Calculations for Increased Mechanical Ventilation Zone Occupancy Area (se Standard Zone Outdoor Airflow Vor fermis° Design Zone Outdoor Airflow (cfrnfst) Percentage Increase General office Office space 8.000 0.088 0.115 30.7 Training room Lecture hall 750 0.460 0.600 32.6 Break room Conference, meeting 216 0.338 0.440 30.2 9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations Additional ventilation is more practical for mild climates, where increasing ventilation rates beyond standard practice will not have as great an impact on HVAC systems' capacity and energy consumption as in extremely hot, humid, or cold climates. Natural ventilation and passive conditioning approaches are also more typical in mild and temperate climates, although there are precedents for passively conditioned buildings in all climates. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations See the Operations and Maintenance Considerations section in IEQ Prerequisite t. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.usgbc.org(mjecttools) for additional resources and technical information. IEQ CI Credit 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 311 EFTA00281850

I EQ CI Credit 2 Websites American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) http://www.ashrae.org ASHRAE advances the science of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration for the public's benefit through research, standards writing, continuing education, and publications. To purchase ASHRAE standards and guidelines, visit the bookstore on the ASHRAE website. Energy Cost and Indoor Air Quality Performance of Ventilation Systems and Controls Modeling Study The EPA Building Assessment, Survey, and Evaluation Study The EPA http://www.epa.goviiaq/baselindexhtml Building Air QualityAction Plan The EPA http://www.epa.govfiaqflargebldgs/pdf_files/baqactionplan.pdf The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CI BSE) http://www.cibse.orgi Located in London, this organization, publishes a series of guides on ventilation, including natural ventilation, on its own and in collaboration with other entities. 13. Definitions Air-conditioning is the process of treating air t0 meet the requirements of a conditioned space by controlling its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) The breathing zone is the region within an occupied space between Sand 6 feet above the floor and more than 2 feet from the walls or fixed air-conditioning equipment. Conditioned space is the part of a building that is heated or cooled, or both, for the comfort of occupants. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Contaminants are unwanted airborne constituents that may reduce air quality. (ASHRAE 62.1- 2007) Exfiltration is air leakage through cracks and interstices and through the ceilings, floors, and walls. Exhaust air is removed from a space and discharged t0 outside the building by means of mechanical or natural ventilation systems. HVAC system is equipment, distribution systems, and terminals that provide the processes of heating, ventilating, or air-conditioning. (ASHRAE 90.1-2007) Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the nature of air inside a building that affects the health and well-being ofbuildingoccupants. It is considered acceptablewhen there are n0 known contaminants atharmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed d0 not express dissatisfaction. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Infiltration is airleakage intoconditioned spaces throughcracks and interstices and through ceilings, floors, and walls. Mechanical ventilation is ventilation provided by mechanically powered equipment, such as motor-driven fans and blowers, but not by devices such as wind-driven turbine ventilators and mechanically operated windows. 312 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281851

Mixed-mode ventilation combines natural ventilation with mechanical systems; the latter are only when necessary. Mixed-mode ventilation strategies include 3 distinct approaches; contingency, complementary, and zoned. (CI ESE Guide 17-200S) Natural ventilation is ventilation provided by thermal, wind or diffusion effects through doors, windows or other intentional openings in the building. Outdoor air is the ambient air that enters a building through a ventilation system, either through intentional openings for natural ventilation or by infiltration. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Recirculated air is removed from a space and reused as supply air. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Supply air is deliveredby mechanical or natural ventilation to a space,composed ofanycombination of outdoor air, recirculated air or transfer air. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from a space for the purpose of controlling air contaminant levels, humidity or temperature within the space. (ASHRAE 62.1- 2007) IEQ CI Credit 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 313 EFTA00281852

314 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281853

CONSTRUCTION INDOOR AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN- DURING CONSTRUCTION Credit IEQ Credit 3.1 Points 1 point Intent To reduce indoor air quality (IAQ) problems resulting from construction or renovation and promote the comfort and well-being of construction workers and building occupants. Requirements Develop and implement an IAQ management plan for the construction and preoccupancy phases of the tenant space as follows: ■ During construction, meet or exceed the recommended design approaches of the Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning National ContractorsAssociation (SMACNA) IAQ Guidelines for Occupied Buildings Under Construction, and Edition 2007, ANSI/SMACNA 0o8- 2008 (Chapter 3). • Protect stored on-site and installed absorptive materials from moisture damage. • If permanently installed air handlers are used during construction, filtration media with a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 8 must be used at each return air grille, as determined by ASHRAE 52.2-1999. (with errata but without addenda'). Replace all filtration media immediately prior to occupancy. Ptoject teams wishing to use ASH RAE annoyed addenda for the purposes Stag credit may do SO at their discretion Addenda must be applied eatutstently anon an LEO meats. IEQ CREDIT 3.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 315 EFTA00281854

IEQ CI Credit 3.1 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider This credit seeks to recognize construction practices that help ensure high indoor air quality (IAQ) during construction and into occupancy. Environmental Issues Reducing indoor air contaminants improves comfort levels, lowers absenteeism, and increases productivity. Demolition and construction practices lead to increased exposure to indoor air pollutants through the introduction of synthetic building materials, power equipment and vehicles, new furnishings, and finish materials. The negative effects of the construction process on indoor air quality can be heightened by reduced ventilation rates (typical during the construction phase) and a lack of attention to pollutant source control. If unaddressed, the contamination can result in poor IAQ extending over the lifetime of the building. Fortunately there are IAQ management strategies that, if instituted during construction and before occupancy, will minimize potential problems (see Implementation). Economic Issues Consider thetime and labor required to maintain a clean construction site. Protecting theventilation system and isolating work that involves power equipment are critical methods to preventing the introduction of indoor air contaminants. Clean ventilation systems and building spaces can also extend the lifetime of the ventilation system and improve its efficiency, resulting in reduced energy use. Construction schedule disruption can be avoided through the proper sequencing of material installation, so as to reduce contamination and maintain the project schedule. Early coordination between the contractor and subcontractors can minimize or eliminate scheduling delays. 2. Related Credits Construction activities can affect the IAQ of the building long after occupancy. Implementing a construction IAQ management plan, selecting low-emitting finish materials and furnishings, and isolating indoor pollutant sources will reduce levels of indoor contaminants. The following credits relate to IAQ management before occupancy: ■ IEQ Credit 3.2: Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan Before Occupancy • IEQ Credit 4: Low-Emitting Materials • I EQ Credit 5: Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control 3. Summary of Referenced Standards American N ationalStandards Institute (ANSI)/SheetMetalandAirConditioningContractors' National Association (SMACNA) 008-2008, IAQ Guidelines for Occupied Buildings under Construction, and edition, 2007 http://www.smacna.org The Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association (SMACNA) is an international organization that developedguidelines for maintaininghealthful indoor airquality during demolitions, renovations, and construction. The full document covers air pollutant sources, control measures, IAQ process management, quality control and documentation, interpersonal communication , sample projects, tables, references, resources, and checklists. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/ASHRAE5z.2-1999,MethodofTestingGeneral Ventilation Air-Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size http://www.ashrae.org This standard presents methods for testing air cleaners for 2. performance characteristics: the device's capacity for removing particles from the air stream and the device's resistance to airflow. 316 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281855

The minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) is based on 3 composite average particle size removal efficiency points. Consult the standard fora complete explanation of MERV calculations. 4. Implementation Complete the construction IAQ management plan before construction begins. The plan should include agenda items to be discussed regularly at preconstruction and construction meetings. Continually educating and providing the proper resources (e.g.., collection bins, cleaning tools, and materials) to subcontractors and field personnel reinforces the importance of following the IAQ plan's procedures and encourages their participation. Choose a member of the contractor's team to serve as the IAQ manager, they will be responsible for identifying the cause of the problem and implementing an appropriate solution. The referenced SMACNA standard recommends control measures in 5 areas: HVAC protection, source control, pathway interruption, housekeeping, and scheduling. For each project, the team should review the applicability of each control measure and include those that apply in the final Construction IAQ Management Plan. The control measures are as follows: HVAC Protection Ideally,permanentlyinstalled HVAC systems shouldnotbeusedduringdemolitionandconstruction, because the systems can be contaminated or damaged. In most cases, using the HVAC system during construction activates the clock on the manufacturer's warranty, exposing the contractor to potential out-of-pocket costs if problems occur when the manufacturer's warranty has expired but the warranty for the building has not. Using temporary ventilation units is feasible, practical, and generally inexpensive. Using temporary ventilation units is r strategy to meet the SMACNA control measure for HVAC protection. However, it does not satisfy all of the requirements of this credit on its own. Other strategies to mitigate contamination of both HVAC equipment and occupied spaces during construction are detailed below. The contractor should protect all HVAC equipment from dust and odors and seal all duct and equipment openings with plastic. If the system must be operated to maintain service to other occupied portions of the building or to protect finished work, the contractor should protect the return/ negative pressure side of the system. If the returns cannot be closed, the contractor should install and maintain temporary filters over grilles and openings. To comply with the credit requirements, the filtration medium must have a rating of MERV 8 or better. If an plenum without ducts must be used over the construction zone, the construction team should isolate it by having all ceiling tiles in place. The contractor should check for leaks in the return ducts and air handlers and make needed repairs promptly. It is important to avoid using the mechanical rooms for construction storage. The contractor should replace all filtration media just before occupancy, installing only a single set of final filtration media. Project teams should note that the requirement for MERV 13 rated filters has been moved to IEQ Credit 5: Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control. This credit does not regulate the efficiency of the filters used for the long-term operation of the building. Source Control The architect or designer should specify finish materials such as paints, carpet, composite wood, adhesives and sealants that have low-toxicity levels or none at all. (Note that the selection of low- emitting materials is covered under IEQ Credit 4: Low-Emitting Materials). The Construction IAQ Management Plan should specify the control measures for materials containing VOCs. The construction team should recover, isolate, and ventilate containers housing toxic materials. Finally, exhaust fumes from idling vehicles and gasoline-fueled tools to the exterior of the building through the use of funnels or temporary piping. 'ED CI Credit 3.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 317 EFTA00281856

IEQ CI Credit 3.1 Pathway Interruption During construction, isolate occupied work spaces to prevent contamination. Depending on weather conditions, ventilate using t00% outside air to exhaust contaminated air directly from the building during the installation of VOC-emitting materials. Depressurize the work area so that the air pressure differential keeps dust and odors contained in construction areas. Provide temporary barriers to contain the construction area. Housekeeping Institute cleaning procedures to control contaminants in building spaces during construction and prior to occupancy. Porous building materials should be protected from exposure to moisture and stored in a clean area before installation. Use vacuum cleaners with high-efficiency particulate filters, clean more frequently, and use wetting agents to control dust. Scheduling Coordinate construction activities to minimize oreliminate disruptionoroperations inthe occupied portions of the building. The contractor should sequence construction activities over the duration of the project carefullyto minimizethe impact on IAQ. It may be necessaryto conduct activitieswith high pollution potential during off-hours, such as on the weekends or in the evenings, to allow time for new materials to air out. The contractor should plan adequate time to conduct flush-out and IAQ test procedures before occupancy. Upon completion of construction, the contractor should replace all filtration media just before occupancy and coordinate this with the activities and requirements addressed in IEQ Credit 3.2, Construction IAQ Management before Occupancy, and IEQ Credit s, Indoor Chemical and Pollution Source Control. While core and shell construction is not addressed by LEED for Commercial Interiors, consider minimizing cross contamination of the commercial interior during base construction. The Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association's (SMACNA's) IAQ Guidelines for Occupied Buildings Under Construction details many measures to help improve the IAQ of occupied buildings under construction. One measure is to seal offthe return air system from the construction- site. Another measure is to exhaust contaminants directly from the project construction-site to the building's exterior. A comprehensive building construction IAQ management plan can help minimize health risks to the edsting tenants during construction. Project teams should also note the following: ■ Small, packaged HVAC systems are not excluded from complying with the credit requirements. ■ Currently, there is no ASHRAE-approved testing methodology for dynamic air cleaners, and dynamic air cleaners are not an acceptable means of compliance. ■ Though the title of the SMACNA guidelines refers to occupied buildings, they constitute the same IAQ management methods to be used on interior construction. ■ Using temporary ventilation units is 1 strategy to meet the SMACNA control measure for HVAC protection but does not on its own satisfy all the requirements of this credit. 5. Timeline and Team Scheduling aspects of this credit are related to the sequencing of demolition and construction procedures as well as the installation of finish materials. It is best to select low-emitting materials and install any products that emit VOCs before installing absorbent materials, such as ceiling tiles, gypsum wallboard, fabric furnishings, carpet, and insulation. If possible, store these materials in an isolated area to minimize contamination. 318 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281857

Give subcontractors and field personnel copies of the construction IAQ management plan prior to the initiation ofwork,and contractually require them to implement the applicable plan components. Post a copy of the plan in an obvious location on the job site and conduct periodic visual inspections to help enforce compliance. Maintaining a regular photo log of the prescribe strategies is advised. 6. Calculations There are no calculations required for this credit. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • Create a written construction IAQ management plan to use during demolition and construction • Maintain visual documentation (e.g., photos) of the construction IAQ management plan practices followed during construction and indicate which approach is being implemented. 8. Examples Indoor Air Quality Management Plan (Facility Alterations) I. Goals and Scope To limit indoor air quality problems resulting from construction or renovation projects. (Building) must implement this Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) management plan to sustain the comfort and wellbeing of occupants and construction welters. 2. SMACNA Guidelines: The following is a list of example procedures. The project team should create a Conslnxtion IA0 Management Plan appropriate to the scope of work being completed. The following Construction IAQ Management Plan measures must be implemented throughout the construction and occupancy phase of any HYAC Protection: Provide prosed-specific measures to be employed. • When possible. IIVAC system should be shut down during construction. B. Source Control: Provide project-specific measures to be employed. • Product substitution: low emitting paints. adhesives. sealants.and carpets must be used when feasible. C. Pathway InImuplion: Provide progcl specific measures to be errployed. D. Housekeeping Provide projecl.specific measures to be employed. • Senices must utilize best practices for minimizing IAQ problems. such as dust suppression. cleaning frequency. cleaning efficiency. water and spill cleanup. protection of on-site or installed absorptive and porous material. E. Scheduling: Provide project specific measures to be employed. • Building flush out: After construction ends and all interior finishes have been installed. new filtration media must be instance and a flush oul of the construction area must be performed. The flush out must comp,/ with the procedure listed within the LEED Rating System 3. Responsible Party Teams and individuals involved in activities pertaining to the policy Facility Manager General Contractor Building Owner d. Guidance to Resources and Implementation A. Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning National Contractors Association (SMACNA) IA0 Guidelines for Occupied Buildings under Construction. second edition. Nommber 2007. Chapter 3 5. Quality Assurance and Quality Control Processes During any construction or renovation preyed the following strategies must be utilized to ensure the implementation of this plan: A. A list of filtration media utilized. includng the manufacturer. model number. MEW rating. date of installation. and date of replacement. B. Photographs documenting the IA0 control measures implemented at 3 time periods during the project (e.g.. begonias, meddle, and end). The photos will be labeled to highlight the approach taken. C. Narrative documenting the Rush-out procedure utilized. including airflow and duration. 9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations There are no regional variances applicable to this credit. 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 319 EFTA00281858

IEQ CI Credit 3.1 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Provide the facility manager with a copy of the IAQ management plan used during construction to facilitate adoption of similar practices during future alterations or additions. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http:ffivww.usgbc.orgeprojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites Controlling Pollutants and Sources The EPA http://www.epa.govfiaq/schooldesignicontrolling.html The EPA website provides information regarding typical sources of indoor andoutdoor pollutants and methods for resolving indoor air quality concerns. Find detailed information on exhaust or spot ventilation practices during construction. IndoorAir Pollution Report,July 2005 California Air Resources Board http:(fwww.arb.ca.gov(researchlindoorfabtt _3/finalreport.htm "Misreport, released inJuly 2005,covers the significant health effects caused by indoor airpollution, including respiratory illness and disease, asthma attacks, cancer, and premature death. The report describes the health effects, sources, and concentrations of indoor air pollutants; existing regulations, guidelines, and practices for indoor air pollution; and ways to prevent and reduce indoor air pollution. The State of Washington Program and IAQ Standards http://ww.aerias.orgiDesktopModules/ArticleDetaiLaspx?articleld=85 This standard was the first state-initiated program to ensure the design ofbuildings with acceptable lAQ. Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association, Inc. (SMACNA) httpWwww.smacna.org SMACNAis aninternational organization that developed guidelinesformaintaininghealthful indoor air quality during demolitions, renovations, and construction. The professional trade association publishes the referenced standard as well as Indoor Air Quality: A Systems Approach, a comprehensive document that covers air pollutant sources, control measures, IAQ process management, quality control and documentation, interpersonal communication , sample projects, tables, references, resources, and checklists. Print Media Indoor Mr Quality: a Facility Manager's Guide, published by the Construction Technology Centre Atlantic, is written as a comprehensive review of indoor air quality issues and solutions. Purchase the report online at http:fictca.unb.ca/CTCA/communicationflAQ/Order_IAQ.htm. 13. Definitions A construction IAQ management plan outlines measures to minimize contamination in a specific building project duringconstruction and describes procedures to flush the buildingofcontaminants prior to occupancy. HVAC systems are equipment, distribution systems, and terminals that provide the processes of heating, ventilating, or air-conditioning. (ASHRAE 90.1-2007) 320 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281859

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the nature of air inside a building that affects the health and well-being ofbuildingoccupants. It is considered acceptablewhen there are no known contaminants atharmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (8o% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Minimum efficiency reportingvalue (MERV) is a filter rating established by theAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE 52.2-1999, Method of Testing General Ventilation Air Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size). MERV efficiency categories range from t (very low efficiency) to t6 (very high). IEO CI Credit 3.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 321 EFTA00281860

322 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281861

CONSTRUCTION INDOOR AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN- BEFORE OCCUPANCY Credit IEQ Credit 3.2 Points 1 point Intent To reduce indoor air quality (IAQ) problems resulting from construction or renovation and promote the comfort and well-being of workers and occupants. Requirement Develop an IAQ management plan and implement it after all finishes have been installed and the building has been completely cleaned before occupancy. OPTION 1. Flush-Out' PATH 1 After construction ends, prior to occupancy and with all interior finishes installed, install new filtration media and flush-out the building by supplying a total air volume of 14,000 cubic feet of outdoor air per square foot of floor area while maintaining an internal temperature of at least 600F and, where mechanical cooling is operated, relative humidity no higher than 6o%. OR PATH 2 If occupancy is desired prior to completion of the flush-out, the space may be occupied following delivery• of a minimum of 3,500 cubic feet of outdoor air per square foot of floor area. Once the space is occupied, it must be ventilated at a minimum rate of 0.30 cubic feet per minute (cfm) per square foot of outside air or the design minimum outside air rate determined in EQ Prerequisite I: Minimum lAQ Performance, whichever is greater. During each day of the flush-out period, ventilation must begin a minimum of 3 hours prior to occupancy and continue during occupancy. These conditions must be maintained until a total of 14,000 cubic feet per square foot of outside air has been delivered to the space. OR OPTION 2. Air Testing Conduct baseline IAQ testing after construction ends and prior to occupancy, using testing protocols consistent with the EPA Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Air Pollutants in Indoor Air and as additionally detailed in the LEED Reference Guide for Green Interior Design and Construction, 2.0°9 Edition. IEQ CREDIT 3.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 323 EFTA00281862

IEQ CREDIT 3.2 Demonstrate that the contaminant maximum concentration levels listed below are not exceeded: Cadaminant Maximum Cancentre0nn Formaldehyde 27 parts per billion Particulates (PM10) 50 micrograms per cubic meter Total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) 500 micrograms per cubic meter 4-Phenylcyclohexene (4-PCH)* 6.5 micrograms per cubic meter Carbon monoxide (CO) 9 pal per million and no greater than 2 parts per million above outdoor levels 'This tesl is required only if carpets and fabrics with styrene baled:en* lubber 'SIMI latex backing are installed as pad of the base building systems. For each sampling point where the maximum concentration limits are exceeded, conduct an additional flush-out with outside air and retest the noncompliant concentrations Repeat until all requirements have been met. When retesting noncompliant building areas take samples from the same locations as in the first test. Conduct the air sample testing as follows: • All measurements must be conducted prior to occupancy,but during normal occupied hours, with the building ventilation system started at the normal daily start time and operated at the minimum outside air flow rate for the occupied mode throughout the test. • All interior finishes must be installed, including but not limited to millwork, doors, paint, carpet and acoustic tiles. Movable furnishings such as workstations and partitions must be in place. • The number of sampling locations will depend on the size of the building and number of ventilation systems. For each portion of the building served by a separate ventilation system, the number of sampling points must not be less than t per 25,000 square feet or for each contiguous floor area, whichever is larger. Include areas with the least ventilation and greatest presumed source strength. • Air samples must be collected between 3 and 6 feet from the floor to represent the breathing zone of occupants, and over a minimum 4-hour period. 324 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281863

1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Reducing contaminants inside buildings results in greater occupant comfort, lower absenteeism, and improved productivity. Construction inevitably introduces contaminants to building interiors. If unaddressed, contamination can result in poor IAQ extending over the lifetime of a building. Fortunately, there are IAQ management strategies that, if instituted during construction and before occupancy, will minimize potential problems (see Implementation). Economic Issues Additional time and labor may be required during construction to protect and clean ventilation systems and building spaces. These actions can extend the lifetime of ventilation systems and improve their efficiency, resulting in reduced energy use. The sequencing of material installation so as to reduce contamination may require additional time and could potentially delay occupancy. However, early coordination between the design team, contractor, and subcontractors can minimize or eliminate scheduling delays. 2. Related Credits Comprehensive construction IAQ management consists of best practices both during construction and after construction, prior to occupancy. These activities are typically governed by the same management plan. The following credit also requires development and implementation of a construction IAQ management plan: ■ IEQ Credit 3.1: Construction IAQ Management Plan During Construction The materials that are specified and installed within the external moisture barrier of the building, as well as filtration, can directly affect air quality and influence the results for air quality testing. Refer also to the following credits: ■ IEQ Credit 4: Low-Emitting Materials ■ IEQ Credit 5: Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control Dilution of indoor air contaminants can typically be achieved by introducing outdoor air. The following credit and prerequisite deal with ventilation rates: ■ IEQ Prerequisite Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance ■ IEQ Credit 2: Increased Ventilation 3. Summary of Referenced Standard U.S. EPA Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Air Pollutants in Indoor Air This standard is available from NTIS (Soo) 553-68c with the ordering number P890200288. According to the Compendium, the EPA created this document to "provide regional, state and local environmental regulatory agencies with step-by-step sampling and analysis procedures for the determination of selected pollutants in indoor air. Determination of pollutants in indoor air is a complex task, primarily because of the wide variety of compounds of interest and the lack of standardized sampling and analysis procedures. The Compendium has been prepared to provide a standardized format for such analytical procedures. A core set of 1O chapters with each chapter containing 1 or more methods are presented in the current document. Compendium covers a variety of active and passive sampling procedures, as well as several analytical techniques both on and off site." IEQ CI Credit 3.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 325 EFTA00281864

IEQ CI Credit 3.2 4. Implementation Flush-Out Procedure This compliance path uses the building HVAC system to evacuate airborne contaminants. Complete all construction work, including punch-list items, before beginning the flush-out. Finalize all cleaning prior to the flush-out. Complete the final test and balancing of HVAC systems, and make sure the HVAC control is functional, especially if the occupants will be moving in during the second phase of the flush-out Commissioning can occur during the flush-out if it does not introduce any additional contaminants into the building. The flush-out procedure discussed below assumes the use of the building's HVAC system, but alternatives are acceptable if they meet the air quantity, temperature, and humidity requirements. One approach uses temporary supply and exhaust systems placed into windows or window openings. EPA's Indoor Air Quality Tools for Schools website provides information on exhaust and spot ventilation during construction that can be helpful for design teams considering using this approach. Make sure the air flow is not short circuited, which could leave remote corners of the project spaces with inadequate circulation or cause unanticipated increases in other parts of the building, such as a stack effect in elevator shafts. If the space's central HVAC system is used, the team should remove any temporary filters and duct coverings installed as part of the construction IAQ management plan. The team should replace the HVAC filtration media with new media; if the system is configured to filter only outside air, the filters do not need to be replaced. New filters that meet the design specification and were installed prior to the start of flush-out will also satisfy the requirements of IEQ Credit 3.t, Construction IAQ Management Plan During Construction. Note that these filters must be MERV 13 or better when a project plans to earn IEQ Credit 5, Indoor Chemical and Pollution Source Control. Depending on their condition followingflush-out, some or all of the filters might be ready for replacement, but this is not a condition for satisfying the credit requirements. Outside air is used to dilute and remove off-gassed contaminants. The quantity of outside air that must be introduced to the project space for the flush-out is 14,000 cubic feet of air per square foot of floor area. Occupants may move in only after the initial flush out phase, when 3,500 cubic feet of air per square foot has been replaced (Figure 1). The initial flush-out phase does not signal the completion of the flush-out, however: Atotal of14,000 cubic feet of outside air must be supplied per square foot of floor area before the HVAC system is switched to its normal operational mode. Figure 1. Sample Air Quantity for Flush-Out 16000 14000 12000 4) 10000 3._ 8000 4.) -0 60000 .7) 0 4003 14,000 CF Total Outside Air Occupancy on Day 5 Accumulative CF Outside Air 3.500 CF Minimum Prior To Occupancy 2000 CF Outside Air 0 IM0 01 in N. ON ti en in N. 01 V) in N. <V <V N Csl Duration in Days U- 326 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281865

Not all outside air is equal. Depending upon geography and season, outside air can be very cold or damp. Because of this, prudent limits have been set to ensure no harm comes to the building and occupants. The rate of outside air should not cause the interior temperature to drop below 6o°F, and relative humidity should not exceed 60%. During an occupied flush-out phase, a minimum ventilation rate must begin at least 3 hours before daily occupancy and continue while the space is occupied. The rate of outside air must be at least 0.30 cubic feet per minute (cfm) per square foot or the design minimum outside air rate, whichever is greater. The design minimum outside air rate should be determined using ASHRAE 62.1-2007, the same criteria for IEQ Prerequisite 1, Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance, or the applicable local code if it is more stringent. The 0.30 cfrn per square foot rate maybe several times the ASHRAE 62.1-2007 requirement fora project's planned occupancy. As a result, consider the minimum flush- out rate during early HVAC design. There are other thermal comfort, expense, and operational considerations to evaluate when preparing tooccupy a space before the end of flush-out. Check to make sure the HVAC system can maintain temperatures within a range that is comfortable for the occupants; opinions formed during this period may last long after the system is operating normally. There are numerous expense and operational issues to consider, such as the rent or lease details and the existing HVAC system capacity to accommodate the flush-out criteria. Input from the entire project team will help determine the best approach. When completed, make the evaluation and the resulting flush-out strategy part of the project construction IAQ management plan. When there are multiple HVAC systems that can operate independently, it is acceptable to flush out portions of the building as they are completed, but no additional construction work can occur once the flush out of an area begins. Isolate completed areas from those under construction per SMACNA IAQ Guidelines for Occupied Buildings under Construction. Air Quality Testing The baseline IAQ testing approach is meant to confirm that major contaminants are below recognized acceptable levels before occupancy. While the list included in the credit is not intended to be all-inclusive, it approximates the major forms of postconstruction airborne constituents. Testing results that meet the credit requirements indicate that the project has implemented a successful construction IAQ management plan, low-emitting materials have been specified, cleanup has been thorough, and the HVAC system is providing adequate ventilation. They can also mean that occupancy can occur sooner than what might have been possible if the flush-out compliance path had been followed. Ideally, the groundwork should be laid for baseline testing during the design process by making sure the testing requirements are included in Division r of the project construction specifications. This credit does not establish qualifications for the laboratory or those conducting the sampling; however, the project team should evaluate the capabilities of the IAQ specialist, industrial hygienist, and testing facility being considered for field sampling of IAQ in buildings. During construction, be vigilant about avoiding substitutions for the specified low-emitting materials. Use low-VOC cleaning supplies to prevent short-term high-VOC levels that may affect test results. Use vacuum cleaners with HEPA filtration to capture particulates. Projects also following the requirements of IEQ Credit 3.1, Construction IAQ Management Plan During Construction, should replace all filtration media after the final cleaning and complete the air test and balancing of the HVAC system before beginning the baseline IAQ testing. The IAQ maximum contaminant levels are dependent on the HVAC system operating under normal conditions with outdoor airflow rates at the minimum; this stipulation is made so that the air tested is as similar IEQ CI Credit 3.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 327 EFTA00281866

I EQ CI Credit 3.2 as possible to what the occupants will be breathing. The protocols described in the referenced publication, EPA's Compendium of Methods for the Determination ofAir Pollutants in Indoor Air, are recommended, but others may be used if the project team can provide valid justification. The project team should select the sampling locations carefully to find the concentrations in areas with the least ventilation and, potentially,the greatest presumed contaminant source strength. The team shouM take at least t sample per 25,000 square feet in each portion of the building served by a separate ventilation system. For example, in a 20,000-square-foot tenant space served by 3 rooftop units—s each for the north and south elevations (general office area) and the third for a training room and conference rooms—the project team should take samples in at least 3 places, even though 2 units serve s general office area. The team should take the samples in the breathing zone, between 3 feet and 6 feet above the floor, during normal occupied hours, with the HVAC system operating at normal daily start times, and with the minimum outside airflow rate. Follow-up samples might be needed, so the project team should record the exact sample locations. If a test sample exceeds the maximum concentration level, the team should flush out the space by increasing the rate ofoutside air. While the credit requirements do not prescribe the duration ofthe flush-out, those responsible for testing should make an evaluation based on the contaminant, its concentration, and the potential source. Off-gassing characteristics of sources differ; some deplete rapidly, while others emit at a steady rate over an extended period of time. The project team should resample and confirm compliance before allowingoccupancy. The retest may be limited to the chemical contaminants that produced excessive chemical concentration levels in the initial test 5. Timeline and Team During the design phase, include language requiring the general contractor to develop and implement a construction IAQ management plan that includes a compliant flush-out procedure and/or air quality testing that meets the requirements of this credit. After construction and installation of all finishes (including furniture and furnishings), conduct IAQ testing and/or a flush-out following the construction IAQ management plan and in accordance with the requirements of this credit. Some additional time and labor may be required during and after construction to protect and clean ventilation systems. With early coordination for the sequencing of material installation and coordination between the contractor and subcontractors, the team can minimize or eliminate scheduling delays. 6. Calculations If a building flush-out is performed before occupancy, the total quantity of outdoor air that must be delivered to the space is calculated as follows: Phased flush-out: Phase 1 Building Area (st) X 3,500 ft of Outdoor Air = Cubic Feet of Air Needed Prior to Occupancy Phase 2 Building Area (st) X 10,500 ft of Outdoor Air = Cubic Feet of Air Needed to Complete Flush-Out Nonphased flush-out: Building Area (st) X 14,000 ft of Outdoor Air = Cubic Feet of Air Needed Prior to Occupancy Note: feet of outdoor air = cubic feet per square foot 328 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281867

7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • Maintain a written construction IAQ management plan. • Record dates, occupancy, outdoor air delivery rates, internal temperature, humidity, and any special considerations for projects completing a flush-out procedure. • Maintain a copy of the testing report and verify that all required contaminants are accounted for and are reported in the correct unit of measure for projects completing IAQ testing. 8. Examples Table 1. Time for Flush-Out Options Volume of Time to Square Outdoor Air Air Required lime Before Minimum Outdoor Complete Required for Air Delivery Rate Flush-Out Foot of Office Flush-Out Before Occupancy Occupancy (days) Post-Occupancy at Minimum (cfmfsf) (cu. ft.) (cfm) Delivery Rate (days) 15.000 24.3 Pre-Occupancy Option 50,000 14,000 700,000.000 32.4 0 0 Post-Occupancy Option 50.000 14.000 175.000.000 8.1 Note. Aswening the bui Wing tun a 15.000 cfrn air handler. capable al operating at 107% OA while maintaining 60' F and 607E RH 24 hr/day 9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations For projects that pursue this credit through the flush-out options in regions where there may be humid and/or cold outdoor air, the project team should be sure to maintain the indoor air temperature at or above 60°F and maintain the relative humidity at or below 60%. When weather conditions may impact the ability to sufficiently heat, cool, or dehumidify the supply air, careful coordination between the project schedule and seasonal variations is crucial. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Minimize potential sources of indoor air contamination. If such sources must be introduced, consider flushing out the affected areas of the building before those areas are occupied. Use periodic IAQ testing to verify safe, healthful conditions. If applicable, provide building operators with information about the flush-out procedures used during construction to facilitate adoption of similar practices following future alterations or additions. Encourage them to draft an IAQ management plan, following the LEED for Existing Buildings: = guidance, for any future alterations and additions. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://Www.usgbc.orgiprojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites Indoor Air Pollution Report, July, 2005 California Air Resources Board http://wmv.arb.ca.gov/research/indoorfabi inffinake ar n IEQ CI Credit 3.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 329 EFTA00281868

IE0 CI Credit 3.2 Controlling Pollutants and Sources, IAQ Design for Schools U.S. EPA httN/www.epa.goivfiagschooldesiaticontrolling.html This EPA website offers detailed information on exhaust or spot ventilation practices during construction activity. State of Washington Program and IAQ Standards httpWww.aerias.orgfDeslctopModules/ArticleDetail.aspx?articleld=8% This standard was the first state-initiated program to ensure the design ofbuildings with acceptable IAQ. Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association httplIww.smacna.org SMACNA is an international organization that developed guidelines for maintaining healthful indoor air quality during demolitions, renovations, and construction. They publish Indoor Air Quality: A Systems Approach, which covers air pollutant sources, control measures, IAQ process management, quality control and documentation, interpersonal communication , sample projects, tables, references, resources, and checklists. Print Media Indoor AirQuality: a Facility Manager's Guide, Construction TechnologyCentreAtlantic, is written as a comprehensive review of IAQ issues and solutions. Purchase the report online at http://ctca.unb. ca/CTCA/communicati0n/IAQ/Order_LAQ.htm. Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Compounds in Ambient Air U.S. EPA This standard is available for purchase from NTIS. 13. Definitions A construction IAQ management plan outlines measures to minimize contamination in a specific building during construction and to flush the building of contaminants before occupancy. Contaminants are unwanted airborne constituents that may reduce air quality (ASHRAE 6z.i - 2007). HVAC systems are the equipment, distribution systems, and terminals that provide the processes of heating, ventilating, or air-conditioning (ASHRAE 90. t -2007) Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the nature of air inside a building that affects the health and well-being ofbuildingoccupants. It is considered acceptablewhen there are no known contaminants atharmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction. (ASHRAE 62. t -2.007) Off-gassing is the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from synthetic and natural products. Thermal comfort exists when building occupants express satisfaction with the thermal environment. Outdoor air is the ambient air that enters a building through a ventilation system, either through intentional openings for natural ventilation or by infiltration. (ASHRAE 62.t -2007) Ventilation the provision and removal of air to control air contaminant levels, humidity, or temperature within an indoor space. Ventilation is measured in air changes per hour—the quantity of infiltration air in cubic feet per minute (cfm) divided by the volume of the room. (ASH RAE 623-2007) 330 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281869

LOW-EMITTING MATERIALS-ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS Credit IEQ Credit 4.1 Points 1 point Intent To reduce the quantity of indoor air contaminants that are odorous, potentially irritating and/ or harmful to the comfort and well-being of installers and occupants. Requirements All adhesives and sealants used on the interior of the building (i.e. inside of the weatherproofing system and applied on-site) must comply with the requirements as applicable to the project scope:' • Adhesives, sealants and sealant primers must comply with South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rule 1168. Volatile organic compound (VOC) limits listed in the table below were effective July 1, zoos with a rule amendment date oflanuary 7, zoos. Architectural Applications VOC Limit (g/L less water) Specialty Applications (g/ L VOC limit less water) Indoor carpet adhesives 50 PVC welding 510 Carpet pad adhesives 50 CPVC welding 490 Wood flooring adhesives 100 ABS welding 325 Rubber floor adhesives 60 Plastic cement welding 250 Subfloor adhesives 50 Adhesive primer for plastic 550 Ceramic tile adhesives 65 Contact adhesive 80 VCT and asphalt adhesives 50 Special purpose contact adhesive 250 Drywall and panel adhesives 50 Structural wood member adhesive 140 Cove base adhesives 50 Sheet applied rubber lining operations 850 Multipurpose construction adhesives 70 Top and trim adhesive 250 Structural glazing adhesives 100 Substrate Specific Applications VOC Limit (g/L less water) Sealants VOC Limit (g/I. Wu water) Metal to metal 30 Architectural 250 Plastic foams 50 Nonmembrane roof 300 Porous material (except wood) 50 Roadway 250 Wood 30 Singe-ply roof membrane 450 Fiberglass 80 Other 420 Sealant Primers VOC Limit (g/L less water) Architectural. nonporous 250 Architectural. porous 775 Other 750 • Aerosol Adhesives must comply with Green Seal Standard for Commercial Adhesives GS-36 requirements in effect on October 19, z000. Aerosol Adhesives VOC weight (g/L minus water) General purpose mist spray 65% VOCs by weight General purpose web spray 55% VOCs by weight Special purpose aerosol adhesives (all types) 70% VOCs by weight t The use of a VOC budget is pcimissible for compliance with this credit. IEQ CREDIT 4.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 331 EFTA00281870

IEQ CI Credit 4.1 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Many building products contain compounds that have a negative impact on indoor air quality (LAQ) and Earth's atmosphere. The most prominent of these compounds—volatile organic compounds (VOCs)—contribute to smog generation and air pollution as well as adversely affect the well-being of building occupants. Environmental Issues VOCs react with sunlight and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere to form ground-level ozone, a chemical that has detrimental effects on human health,agricultural crops, forests,and ecosystems. This ground-level ozone damages lung tissue, reduces lung function, and sensitizes the lungs to other irritants. Additionally, ground-level ozone is also a major component of smog. Economic Issues Healthy occupants are more productive and have less illness-related absenteeism. Materials with high VOC content can threaten occupant's health and may decrease their productivity, increasing expenses and liability for building owners, operators, and insurance companies. Because of these issues, the construction market is driving product manufacturers to offer low-VOC alternatives to conventional building products. Costs for these products are generally competitive with conventional materials; however, some low-VOC materials are more expensive than conventional materials, particularly when the products are new to the marketplace. Low-VOC alternatives may also be difficult to obtain for some product types. These issues likely will fade as the use of low-VOC products becomes more commonplace. 2. Related Credits Because the intent of this credit is to reduce odorous, irritating, or harmful indoor air contaminants, the following other credits may be applicable: • IEQ Credit 4.2: Low-Emitting Materials—Paints and Coatings • IEQ Credit 4.3: Low-Emitting Materials—Flooring Systems • IEQ Credit 44: Low-Emitting Materials—Composite Wood and Agrifiber Products • IEQ Credit 4.5: Low-Emitting Materials—Systems Furniture and Seating Scheduling strategies relating to the use and tracking of low-emitting materials may be addressed early in construction and prior to occupancy. The following credits also are affected by scheduling considerations: • I EQ Credit 3.1: Construction LAQ Management Plan During Construction • IEQ Credit 3.2: Construction IAQ Management Plan Before Occupancy Project teams may wish to address smoking-related contaminants in the building in conjunction with other sources of air pollutants, as outlined in the following: • IEQ Prerequisite a: Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control • IEQ Credit 5: Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control 3. Summary of Referenced Standards South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Amendment to South Coast Rule ii6B,VOC Limits, effective January 7, zoos South Coast Air Quality Management District http://ww.aqmd.govirulesegireguirti68.0f 332 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281871

The South Coast Air Quality Management District is a governmental organization in southern California with the mission to maintain healthful air quality for its residents. The organization established source-specific standards to reduce air quality impacts. Table 1. VOC Limits for Adhesives and Sealants Architectural Applications VOC limit (gIL less water) Specialty Applications VOC Limit (O. less water) Indoor carpet acnew.es 50 PVC v.tkling 5:0 Carpet pad adhesives 50 CAT welding 490 Wood flowing adhesives 100 ABS welding 325 Rubber Boor adhesives 60 Plastic cement welding 250 Subrbot adhesives 50 Adhesive primer or piratic 550 Ceramic tile adhesives 65 Contact adhesive 80 VCT and asphalt adhesives 50 Special purpose contact adhesive 250 Orynall and panel adhesives 50 Structural wood member adhesive 140 Cove brae adhesives 50 Sheet applied rubber lining operations 850 Multipurpose construction acne sees 70 Top and trim adhesive 250 Structural glazing achesnres 100 Substrate Specific Applications VOC limit (g/L less water) Sealants VOC limit (g/L less water) Metal to metal 30 Architectural 250 Plastic foams 50 Nonmembrane roof 3C0 Paces material (except wood) 50 Roadway 250 Wood 30 Single-pty roof membrane 450 Fiberglass 80 Other 420 Sealant Primers VOC Limit (g/L Its water) Architectural, nonporous 250 Architectural, porous 775 Other 750 Green Seal Standard 36 (GS-36), effective October 19,2000 http://ww.greenseal.orgicertificationistandards/commerciaLadhesives GS 36.cfrn Green Seal is an independent, nonprofit organization that strives to achieve a healthier and cleaner environment by identifying and promoting products and services that cause less toxic pollution and waste, conserve resources and habitats, and minimize global warming and ozone depletion. GS-36 sets VOC limits for commercial adhesives. Green Seal Standard for Commercial Adhesives GS-36 requirements went in effect on October 19, 2000. Table 2. VOC Limits for Aerosol Adhesives Aerosol Adhesives VOC Limit General purpose mist spray 65% VOCs by weight General purpose web spray 55% VOCs by weight Special purpose aerosol adhesives (all types) 70% VOCs by weight IEQ CI Credit 4.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 333 EFTA00281872

IEQ CI Credit 4.1 4. Implementation The sections under IEQ Credit 4, Low-Emitting Materials, apply to products and installation processes that have the potential to adversely affect the IAQ of a project space and, subsequently, those occupants exposed to the off-gassing of contaminants from these materials. LEED for Commercial Interiors IEQ Credit 4.1 employs 3 approaches to limit off-gassing: composition limits, emission factors, and performance-based standards. For IEQ Credit O, Low-Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants, project teams may use either the composition limit approach or VOC budgets to determine compliance. For the budget approach, see the Calculations section, below. Composition Limits MI materials that emit contaminants with the potential to enter the indoor air will be considered indoor contaminant sources. They include all surfaces in contact with indoor air such as: flooring; walls; ceilings; interior furnishings; suspended ceiling systems and the materials above those suspended ceilings;ventilation system components that contact the ventilation supply or return air; and all materials inside wall cavities, ceiling cavities, floor cavities, or horizontal or vertical chases. These materials include caulking materials for windows, as well as insulation in ceilings or walls. An example of a material that has little or no potential to contact indoor air is siding on the exterior of waterproofing membrane. In this approach, the formulation of a product is controlled. Limits are set on the amount of VOCs permitted in a given volume of the product. The threshold limits and the content within a particular product are generally expressed in grams per liter (g(L). 3 IEQ credits use this approach: 4.1, Low-Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants; 4.z, Low-Emitting Materials—Paints and Coatings; and 4.3, Low-Emitting Materials—Mooring Systems. IEQ Credit 4.4, Low-Emitting Materials—Composite Wood and Agrifiber Products, also controls formulation by not allowing any added urea-formaldehyde resins. 5. Timeline and Team The requirements for products and activities covered in IEQ Credit 4, Low-Emitting Materials— Adhesives and Sealants, should be noted in the project specifications and, ideally, within the specific section applicable to a particular trade or supplier. Design Phase Credit requirements should be clearly stated in project specifications. Refer to the credit requirements in both Division r and in the technical divisions. Indicate what must be provided in the way of cut sheets, MSD sheets, certificates, and test reports. Consider making submittal of this compliance documentation a condition of product approval. Construction Phase Meeting the requirements set in IEQ Credit 4, Low-Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants, is not everyday practice for all construction teams and suppliers. Consider asldng the project owner to stress the importance of meeting the LEED requirements during prebid meetings and again at the time ofcontract award. During these sessions, have LEED Accredited Professionals available and ask for questions. Include requirements in subcontracts and purchase orders. Determine whether the VOC budget compliance path will be necessary and track materials according to the budget planned by the project team. If a product with high VOC levels is used unintentionally, the VOC budget approach maybe used to determine whether credit compliance can be attained Follow-Up during Construction Consider providing LEED project signage alongside the project safety signage. In progress meetings, address topics relevant to lo w-emitting materials and the LEED requirements. Finally, assign someone on the construction team to provide leadership and ensure compliance in meeting low- emitting materials goals. 334 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281873

6. Calculations VOC Budget Methodology Determining a VOC budget is one way to achieve compliance under IEQ Credit 4.1, Low-Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants. To demonstrate that the overall low-VOC performance has been attained for paints and adhesives separately, not in combination, compare the baseline case and the design case. When the design (or actual) is less than the baseline, the credit requirement is satisfied. The values used in the comparison calculation are the total VOCs contained in the products (e.g., sealants) used on the project. To determine total VOCs, multiply the volume of the product used by the threshold VOC level for the baseline case and actual product VOC level for the design case. The baseline application rate should not be greater than that used in the design case. As the term budget implies, this compliance path involves an up-front decision. If a product with high VOC levels is used unintentionally,follow the VOC budget approach to determine whether credit compliance can nevertheless be attained. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Maintain alist ofall indoor aerosol adhesive products,adheshres,sealants,and sealant primers used on the project; include each produces manufacturer's name,product name, specific VOC data (gile, less water), and the corresponding allowable VOC from the referenced standard ■ Track the amount of each product used in the project if the VOC budget approach is taken. 8. Examples There are no examples for this credit. 9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for Exemplary Performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations There are no regional variations for this credit. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Implement a sustainable purchasing policyfor the continueduseoflow-emitting materials duringthe building's operation. Help building operators find low-emitting products for repairs or alterations by providing them with the list of compliant products used during the construction process. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.usgbc.org/projecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Webites South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) South Coast Rule n68, VOC Limits http://www.aqmd.govirulesfregiregnirn68.pdf The South Coast Air Quality Management District is a governmental organization in southern California with the mission to maintain healthful air quality for its residents. The organization established source-specific standards to reduce air quality impacts. IEQ CI Credit 4.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 335 EFTA00281874

I EQ CI Credit 4.1 Green Seal Standard 36 (GS-36) http://ww.greenseal.orgkertification/standards/commerciaLadhesives G$ 36.cfm Green Seal is an independent, nonprofit organization that strives to achieve a healthier and cleaner environment by identifying and promoting products and services that cause less toxic pollution and waste, conserve resources and habitats, and minimize global warming and ozone depletion. GS-36 sets VOC limits for commercial adhesives. 13. Definitions Adhesive is any substance that is used to bond 1 surface to another surface by attachment. Adhesives include adhesive bonding primers, adhesive primers, adhesive primers for plastics, and any other primer. (SCAQMD Rule tt68) Aerosol adhesive is an aerosol product in which the spray mechanism is permanently housed in a nonrefillable can designed for hand-held application without the need for ancillary hoses or spray equipment Aerosol adhesives include special-purpose spray adhesives, mist spray adhesives, and web spray adhesives. (SCAQMD Rule tt68) Architectural nonporous sealant primer is a substance used as a sealant primer on nonporous materials. Architectural porous sealant primer is a substance used as a sealant on porous materials. Indoor adhesive, sealant, and/or sealant primer product is as an adhesive or sealant product applied on-site, inside the building's weatherproofing system. Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the nature of air inside a building that affects the health and well-being ofbuildingoccupants. It is considered acceptablewhen there are no known contaminants atharmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Nonporous sealant is a substance used as a sealant on nonporous materials. Nonporous materials, such as plastic and metal, do not have openings in which fluids maybe absorbed or discharged. Occupants in a commercial building are workers who either have a permanent office or workstation or typically spend a minimum of to hours per week in the project building; in a residential building, regular occupants also include all persons who live in the building. Off-gassing is the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from synthetic and natural products. Ozone (O3) is a gas composed of 3 oxygen atoms. It is not usually emitted directly into the air but at ground-level is created by a chemical reaction between oxides of nitrogen (nox) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight. Ozone has the same chemical structure whether it occurs miles above the earth or at ground level and can be beneficial or harmful, depending on its location in the atmosphere. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) Porous materials have tiny openings, often microscopic, that can absorb or discharge fluids. Examples include wood, fabric, paper, corrugated paperboard, and plastic foam. (SCAQMD Rule 1168) A sealant has adhesive properties and is formulated primarily to fill, seal, or waterproof gaps or joints between a surfaces. Sealants include sealant primers and caulks. (SCAQMD Rule 1168) A sealant primer is applied to a substrate, prior to the application of a sealant, to enhance the bonding surface. (SCAQMD Rule 1168) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carbon compounds (excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dicodde, carbonic acid, metallic carbides and carbonates, and ammonium carbonate) that participate in atmospheric photochemical reactions. The compounds vaporize (become a gas) at normal room temperatures. 336 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281875

LOW-EMITTING MATERIALS-PAINTS AND COATINGS L Credit Points IEC! Credit 4.2 1 point Intent To reduce the quantityof indoor air contaminants that are odorous, irritating andfor harmful to the comfort and well-being of installers and occupants. Requirements Paints and coatings used on the interior of the building (i.e. inside the weatherproofing system and applied on-site) must comply with the following criteria as applicable to the project scope': ■ Architectural paints and coatings applied to interior walls and ceilings— must not exceed the volatile organic compound (VOC) content limits established in Green Seal Standard GS-1t, Paints, 1st Edition, May 20,1993. ■ Anti-corrosive and anti-nist paints applied to interior ferrous metal substrates must not exceed the VOC content limit of 250 WI. established in Green Seal Standard GS-03, Anti- Corrosive Paints, and Edition, January 7, 1997. • Clear wood finishes, floor coatings, stains, primers, and shellacs applied to interior elements: must not exceed the VOC content limits established in South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rule 1113, Architectural Coatings, effective January 1, 2004 I lha• uuul a V( Amid for aompliv:ca• with ti areCit IEQ CREDIT 4.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 337 EFTA00281876

IEQ CI Credit 4.2 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Refer to the Benefits and Issues section of IEQ Credit 4.t, Low-Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants. 2. Related Credits Because the intent of this credit is to reduce odorous, irritating, or harmful indoor air contaminants, the following other credits may be applicable: • I EQ Credit 4..1: Low Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants • I EQ Credit 4.3: Low Emitting Materials—Flooring Systems ■ IEQ Credit 44: Low Emitting Materials—Composite Wood and Agrifiber Products ■ IEQ Credit 4.5: Low Emitting Materials—Systems Furniture and Seating Scheduling strategies relating to the use and tracking of low-emitting materials may be addressed early in construction and prior to occupancy. The following are credits also affected by scheduling considerations: ■ IEQ Credit 3.1: Construction IAQ Management Plan, During Construction ■ IEQ Credit 3.z: Construction IAQ Management Plan, Before Occupancy Project teams may wish to address smoking-related contaminants in the building in conjunction with other sources of air pollutants as outlined in the following credits: • IEQ Prerequisite 2: Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control • I EQ Credit 5: Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control 3. Summary of Referenced Standards Green Seal Standard GS-it Green Seal is an independent nonprofit organization that strives to achieve a healthier and cleaner environment by identifying and promoting products and services that cause less toxic pollution and waste, conserve resources and habitats, and minimize global warming and ozone depletion. GS-It sets VOC limits for commercial flat paints and nonflat paints . Tables t and 2 summarize Green Seal Standard GS-11. Green Seal Standard GC-03 http://wv.greenseaLorgicertificationistandardsfanti-corrosivepaints.pdf GC-03 sets VOC limits for anti-corrosive and anti-rust paints. Chemical Component Limitations— VOC: the manufacturer shall demonstrate that the paint is not formulated to exceed the VOC concentrations listed below: Coating Type (g/L) minus water Gloss 250 Semi-Gloss 250 Flat 250 South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rule 1113, Architectural Coatings http://yoww.aqmd.govirules The South Coast Mr Quality Management District is a governmental organization in southern California with the mission to maintain healthful air quality for its residents. The organization established source-specific standards to reduce air quality impacts. 338 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281877

Table 1. Standard VOC Limits VOCs (EX minus water, minus exempt compounds) Coating Ceiling Limit• Current Limit Effective Date 1/1/03 111/04 111/05 7/1)06 7/1)07 7/1108 Bond breakers 350 Clear Weed finishes 350 275 - Varnish 350 275 - Sanding 350 275 Sealers 680 550 275 - Lacquer Clear brushing lacquer 680 275 Conaetecuring compounds 350 100 Concretecuring compounds for roadways and bridges" 350 Ortlott coatings 400 150 Fee-proaing Metier coatings 450 350 Feerelardant coatings"' - Clem 650 - Pigmented 350 Flab 250 100 50 Floor coatings 420 100 50 Graphic arts (sign) coatings 500 Industrial maintenance (ire) coatings 420 250 100 High ternperalsre in coatings 420 Zinc•rich ire primers 420 340 100 Japonstlaus finishing coatings 700 350 Magnesite cement coatings 600 450 Mastic coatings 300 Metallic Pkgmented coatings 500 Multicolor coatings 420 250 Nontlat coatings 250 150 50 Monthst high gloss 250 150 50 Pigmented lacquer 680 550 275 Pretreatment wash primers 780 420 Primers. sealers. undercoaters 350 200 100 Primers. sealers. undercoaters 350 200 100 Ouickdry enamels 400 250 150 50 Gruickdry primers, sealers. undercoaters 350 200 100 Recycled coatings 250 Roof coatings 300 250 50 Aluminum rod coatings 500 100 Root primers, bituminous 350 350 Rust: preventive coatings 420 400 100 Shellac Clem 730 - Pigmented 550 Specialty primers 350 250 100 Stains 350 250 100 - Interior 250 Swimming pool coatings - Repair 650 - Other 340 340 Traffic coatings 250 150 100 Waterproofing sealers 400 250 100 Waterproofing concrete. masonry status 400 100 Wood preservatives - Belem-ground 350 Other 350 ' The specified limits remain in effect until revised. " Does not include compounds used for curbs and gutters. sidewalks, islands. driy ways. and other miscellaneous concrete areas. "' The 6re-retardant coating category was eliminated on January 1.2007. and substmed by the coating category for *Mich it was formulated. IEQ CI Credit 4.2 2C39 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 339 EFTA00281878

CI Credi: 4.2 Table 2. Standard V0C Limits I_ Coating Limit VOCs (ill,) LON.S01 ds coat. ng 27 parts per billion 4. Implementation Refer to the implementation section of IEQ Credit 41, Low-Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants. 5. Timeline and Team Refer to the Timeline and Team section of IEQ Credit 4.1, Low-Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants. 6. Calculations Use the VOC budget methodology described in the Calculations section of IEQ Credit 4.1„ Low- Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Maintain a listing of each indoor paint and coating product used on the project; include each product's manufacturer's name, product name, specific VOC data (in gIL, less water), and the corresponding allowable VOC from the referenced standard. ■ Track the amount of each product used if the VOC budget approach is taken. 8. Examples There are no examples for this credit. 9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations There are no regional variations for this credit. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Implement a sustainable purchasing policy for the continued use of low-emitting materials during the building's operation. Help building operators find low-emitting products for repairs or alterations by providing them with the list of compliant products. Provide maintenance personnel with information about original products to aid in color matching. Using fewer types of paint and coating products in the overall design makes maintenance easier. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (httpdhvww.usgbc.org(projecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites Green Seal http://wivw.greenseakorg 340 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281879

South Coast Air Quality Management District http://www.aqmd.gov 13. Definitions Anticorrosive paints are coatings formulated and recommended for use in preventing the corrosion of ferrous metal substrates. A coating is applied to beautify, protect, or provide a barrier to a surface. (SCAQMD Rule 1113) Flat coatings register a gloss of less than 15 on an 85-degree meter or less than 5 on a 60-degree meter. Nonflat coatings register a gloss of5 or greater on a 60-degree meter and a gloss of ts or greater on an 85-degree meter. Contaminants are unwanted airborne constituents that may reduce air quality. (ASHRAE 62.1- 2007) Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the nature of air inside a building that affects the health and well-being ofbuildingoccupants. It is considered acceptablewhen there are no known contaminants atharmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Indoor paints or coating products are applied on-site inside a building's weatherproofing system. Occupants in a commercial building are workers who eitherhave a permanent office or workstation or typically spend a minimum of to hours per week in the project building; in a residential building, regular occupants also include all persons who live in the building. Paint is a liquid,liquefiable,ormasticcomposition that is converted to a solid protective,decorative, or functional adherent film after application as a thin layer. These coatings are intended for on-site application to interior or exterior surfaces of residential, commercial, institutional or industrial buildings. A primer is a material applied to a substrate to improve adhesion of subsequently applied coats. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carbon compounds (excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic add, metallic carbides and carbonates, and ammonium carbonate) that participate in atmospheric photochemical reactions. The compounds vaporize (become a gas) at normal room temperatures. IEQ CI Credit 4.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 341 EFTA00281880

342 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281881

LOW-EMITTING MATERIALS-FLOORING SYSTEMS Credit IEQ Credit 4.3 Points 1 point Intent To reduce the quantity of indoor air contaminants that are odorous, irritating and/or harmful to the comfort and well-being of installers and occupants. Requirements OPTION 1 All flooring must comply with the following as applicable to the project scope: • All carpet installed in the building interior must meet the testing and product requirements of the Carpet and Rug Institute Green Label Plus' program. • All carpet cushion installed in the building interior must meet the requirements of the Carpet and Rug Institute Green Label program. • All carpet adhesive must have less than so VOC. • All hard surface flooring must be certified as compliant with the FloorScorel standard (current as of the date of this rating system, or more stringent version) by an independent third- party. Flooring products covered by FloorScore include vinyl, linoleum, laminate flooring, wood flooring, ceramic flooring, rubber flooring and wall base. • An alternative compliance path using FloorScore is acceptable for credit achievement: t00% of the noncarpet finished flooring must be FloorScore-certified, and must constitute at least zs% of the finished floor area. Examples of unfinished flooring include floors in mechanical rooms, electrical rooms and elevator service rooms. • Concrete, wood, bamboo, and cork floor finishes such as sealer, stain and finish must meet the requirements of South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rule 1113, Architectural Coatings, effective January 1,2004. • Tile setting adhesives and grout must meet South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rule 1168. VOC limits correspond to an effective date of July t, zoos and rule amendment date oflanuary 7, zoos. OR OPTION 2 All flooring products must meet the testing and product requirements of the California Department of Public Health Standard Practice for the Testing of Volatile Organic Emissions from Various Sources Using Small-Scale Environmental Chambers, including 2004 Addenda. T:tcthavnl..ilvt Itn Anti It N,NOCISICti VOI.: t. 1, " :th .nlinnt 'inen ' In ntC , I ,, “ Anti vles CLI,I1O:1{1O.1.-IIINdb .• ti r Ca:txt ,:te Etc; It. Ca:donna\ StIstatnabk- Itc:Idir4J.ch lIttnx rte thy CaIdut ttla Dt-ttartntent uI EttIthe I AA't phtItI Emissions Car itch 1)I IS Standard Pracititt: CA DI IN El MDR tt'4.dattxl th.t OA ItIttortkatty is a t.oluntatNtindtivnittint tittcatXm ittogtattt thanca.atult.vttilin haid ctrIttitclhicting and j•S1.61:Cil raxlutt lot compliancy Wallah:1n ij.dOtt!ttd11C211!O:1113!Cn indoin air onttsiora VtrIztity (Come (Iontpctuntit. VOCN) tt Alt pa:tot:hal scattNitcnber tot ittottaul and intAntixtrattsl'OCatmissions ctitytchtItActotxxlItt, the CaIductia Departnwnt olltuhlht I Icalth. IEQ CREDIT 4.3 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 343 EFTA00281882

IEQ CI Credit 4.3 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Refer to the Benefits and Issues section of IEQ Credit 4.t, Low-Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants. 2. Related Credits Because the intent of this credit is to reduce odorous, irritating, or harmful indoor air contaminants, the following other credits may be applicable: • I EQ Credit 4.1: Low Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants • I EQ Credit 4.2 Low Emitting Materials—Paints and Coatings ■ IEQ Credit 44: Low Emitting Materials—Composite Wood and Agrifiber Products ■ IEQ Credit 4.5: Low Emitting Materials—Systems Furniture and Seating Scheduling strategies relating to the use and tracking of Low-Emitting Materials may be addressed early in construction and prior to occupancy. The following are credits also affected by scheduling considerations: ■ IEQ Credit 3.1: Construction IAQ Management Plan During Construction ■ IEQ Credit 3.z: Construction IAQ Management Plan Before Occupancy Project teams may wish to address smoking-related contaminants in the building in conjunction with other sources of air pollutants as outlined in the following credits: • IEQ Prerequisite 2: Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control • I EQ Credit 5: Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control 3. Summary of Referenced Standards Carpet and Rug Institute (CR1) Green Label Plus Testing Program Carpet and Rug Institute The Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) is a trade organization representing the carpet and rug industry. Green Label Plus is an independent testing program that identifies carpets with very low VOC emissions. The CRI website describes the program and the associated VOC emission criteria in micrograms per square meter per hour. These criteria were developed by the Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) in coordination with California's Sustainable Building Task Force and the California Department of Health Services (DHS). In the CRI Green Label Plus Program,emission rates mustbe verified by annual tests. Approved certification numbers can be reviewed on the CRI website under Indoor Air Quality/Green Label Plus/Approved companies. Approved products are listed under the company heading. South Coast Mr Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rule 1168, VOC Limits http://vnvw.aomd.govirulesfregfregulm68.pdf The South Coast Air Quality Management District is a governmental organization in southern California with the mission to maintain healthful air quality for its residents. The organization established source specific standards to reduce air quality impacts. South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rule 1113, Architectural Coatings http://www.aqmd.gov/rules/reg/regnitaltpdf The South Coast Mr Quality Management District is a governmental organization in southern California with the mission to maintain healthful air quality for its residents. The organization established source specific standards to reduce air quality impacts. The South Coast Rule t168 VOC limits for adhesives are summarized in Table 1. 344 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281883

FloorScore Program Resilient Floor Covering Institute According to its website, "The FloorScore program, developed by the Resilient Floor Covering Institute (RFCI) in conjunction with Scientific Certification Systems (SCS), tests and certifies flooring products for compliance with indoor air quality emission requirements adopted in California. Flooring products include vinyl, linoleum, laminate flooring, wood flooring, ceramic flooring, rubber flooring, wall base, and associated sundries." Carpet Testing Criteria Carpet must not exceed the maximum target emission factors used in the CRI Green Label program and follow the test protocol used by Green Label Plus. Test results submitted must be no more than 2. years old at the time of submission. Standard Practice for the Testing ofVolatile Organic Emissions from Various Sources using Small-Scale Environmental Chambers (State of California Specification Section otmo). State of California Specification Section 023,50 www.ciwmb.ca.gov reenBuildin Sectional #Indoor This standard practice document specifies carpet emissions testing criteria that will satisfy the credit requirements. Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Large Chamber Test Protocol for Measuring Emissions of VOCs and Aldehydes, effective September 1999 Research Triangle Institute and U.S. EPA http://www.em ov en ga___Lvp/m_v dfs fumiture.pdf Under the leadership of the EPA, a testing protocol committee developed the referenced standards. The protocol requires the placement of the seating product or furniture assembly to be tested in a climatically controlled chamberA controlled quantity of conditioned air is drawn through the chamber, and emission concentrations are measured at set intervals over a 4-day period. 4. Implementation Refer to the Implementation section of IEQ Credit 41, Low-Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants. Emissions Factors The California Department of Health Services Standard Practice for the Testing of Volatile Organic Emissions from Various Sources Using Small-Scale Environmental Chambers, including zoos Addenda, sets limits the rate of off-gassing. The rate is stated as the mass of contaminant that may be off-gassed by a given unit quantity of the product in a set period of time. This approach is used for carpet in IEQ Credit 4.3, Low-Emitting Materials—Flooring Systems, where the rate is expressed as micrograms of contaminant per square meter of carpet per hour. These tests, which are now being conducted on an array a variety of product types, place samples of precise size in test chambers. Air samples are drawn off at set times (generally over several days) and analyzed. There are extensive protocols established to make sure that the testing is representative of actual conditions on a project site and consistent between similar products from multiple manufactures. The Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label Plus program uses emissions factor test results for its certifications. 5. Timeline and Team Refer to the Timeline and Team section of IEQ Credit 4.1, Low-Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants. 'Ea CI Credit 4.3 2CO9 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 345 EFTA00281884

I EQ CI Credit 4.3 6. Calculations There are no calculations required for this credit. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Maintain a listing of each carpet, carpet cushion, and carpet adhesive installed on the project in the building interior andrecord the VOC content for each adhesive. ■ Maintain a listing of each hard surface flooring product, tile setting adhesive, and grout installed on the project in the building interior andrecord the VOC content for each tile setting adhesive and grout. 8. Examples Figure 1. Sample Product Information for CR1 Green Label Plus Carpeting Style Number 1111 Specifications Construction Textured loop pattern Yarn content Nylon with 25% recycled content Dye method Solution Machine gauge 1/10 in (39.4 col/10 cm) Stitch count 11 =. (43.3/10 cm) Finished pile thickness 0.124 in (3.15 mm) Average density 8.710 Yarn weight tufted 30 ozAid2 (1085 g/m2) Primary backing Polypropylene Secondary backing Woven polypropylene with postconsumer recycled content Width 12 ft (3.66 m) Pattern repeat 0.40 in w x .047 in I (1.01 cm x 1.19 cm) Total recycled content 2.43% Performance Flameresistance Passes (DOC FF-1-70) Flooring radiant panel Class 1 (ASTM E-662) Smoke density Less than 450 (ASTM E-662) CRI Green Label Plus Certification ff GLP 0000 Winarilles Example nylon warranty Lifetime carpet static warranty Example nylon warranty Lifetime carpet wear, limited warranty Example nylon certification Class Ill, extra heavy traffic Example nylon content Minimum 25% recycled content Example nylon recycling Available Additional Information Custom colors Contact sales representative Coordinating styles Multiple 346 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281885

9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations There are no regional variances for this credit. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Implement a sustainable purchasing policy for the continued use of low-emitting materials during the building's operation. Help building operators find low-emitting products for repairs or alterations by providing them with the list of compliant products. Use of carpet tiles saves material over the life of the building because individual tiles can be replaced as needed. Using fewer types of flooring and flooring products makes maintenance easier. If specialized flooring materials are specified, request maintenance information from product manufacturers and installers and give this information to the facilities staff 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (httpowww.usgbc.orgiprojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites Carpet and Rug Institute tp:It qw Floorscore GreenGuard litsp_Wwww.greenguard.orgi Scientific Certification System, Inc. South Coast Air Quality Management District httpWwww.aqmd.govIrules 13. Definitions Contaminants are unwanted airborne constituents that may reduce air quality. (ASHRAE 2007) Hard surface flooring includes vinyl, linoleum, laminate flooring, wood flooring, rubber flooring, wall base, and associated sundries. Indoor carpet systems are carpet, carpet adhesive, or carpet cushion products installed on-site inside the building's weatherproofing system. Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the nature of air inside a building that affects the health and well-being ofbuildingoccupants. It is considered acceptable when there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carbon compounds (excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides and carbonates, and ammonium carbonate) that participate in atmospheric photochemical reactions. The compounds vaporize (become a gas) at normal room temperatures. 'Ea CI Credit 4.3 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 347 EFTA00281886

348 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281887

LOW-EMITTING MATERIALS-COMPOSITE WOOD AND AGRIFIBER PRODUCTS I Credit Points IEQ Credit 4.4 1 point Intent To reduce the quantity of indoor air contaminants that are odorous, irritating and/or harmful to the comfort and well-being of installers and occupants. Requirements Composite wood and agrifiber products used on the interior of the building (i.e. inside the weatherproofingsystem) mustcontain no added urea-formaldehyde resins. Laminate adhesives used to fabricate on-site and shop-applied composite wood and agrifiber assemblies must not contain added urea-formaldehyde resins. Composite wood and agrifiber products are defined as: particleboard, medium density fiberboard (MDF), plywood, wheatboard, strawboard, panel substrates and door cores. Materials considered fixtures, furniture, and equipment (FF8cE) are not considered base building elements and are not included. Products covered by IEQ Credit 46, Low-Emitting Materials, System Furniture and Seating are excluded from these requirements. IEQ CREDIT 4.4 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 349 EFTA00281888

IEQ CI Credit 4.4 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Refer to the Benefits and Issues section of IEQ Credit 4.2, Low-Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants. 2. Related Credits Because the intent of this credit is to reduce odorous, irritating, or harmful indoor air contaminants, the following other credits may be applicable: • I EQ Credit 4.2: Low Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants • IEQ Credit 4.2: Low Emitting Materials—Paints and Coatings ■ IEQ Credit 4.3: Low Emitting Materials—Flooring Systems ■ IEQ Credit 4.5: Low Emitting Materials—Systems Furniture and Seating Scheduling strategies relating to the use and tracking of low-emitting materials may be addressed early in construction and prior to occupancy. The following are credits also affected by scheduling considerations: ■ IEQ Credit 3.2: Construction IAQ Management Plan—During Construction ■ IEQ Credit 3.2: Construction IAQ Management Plan—Before Occupancy Project teams may wish to address smoking-related contaminants in the building in conjunction with other sources of air pollutants as outlined in the following credits: • IEQ Prerequisite a: Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control • I EQ Credit 5: Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit. 4. Implementation Refer to the Implementation section of IEQ Credit 4.1, Low-Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants. 5. Timeline and Team Refer to the Timeline and Team section of IEQ Credit 4.1, Low-Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants. 6. Implementation: Calculations There are no calculations required for this credit. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Maintain a listing of each composite wood and agrifiber product installed in the building interior and confirm that each product does not contain any added urea-formaldehyde 8. Examples There are no examples for this credit. 350 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281889

9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations No regional variations have been identified for this credit. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Implement a sustainable purchasing policy for the continued use of low-emitting materials during the building's operation. Help building operators find low-emitting products for repairs or alterations by providing them with the list of compliant products. If specialized compositewood or agrifiber materials are specified, request maintenance information from product manufacturers and installers and give this information to the facilities management team. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (httpi/www.usgbc.orgeprojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites An Update on Formaldehyde Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.cpsc.govJCPSOPUB/PUBS/ns.html This informational document is from the Consumer Product Safety Commission. 13. Definitions Agrifiber board is a composite panel product derived from recovered agricultural waste fiber from such sources as cereal straw, sugarcane bagasse, sunflower husk, walnut shells, coconut husks, and agricultural prunings. The raw fibers are processed and mixed with resins to produce panel products with characteristics similar to those derived from wood fiber. The following conditions describe which products must complywith the credit requirements: 1. The product is inside the building's waterproofing system. a. Composite components used in assemblies are to be included (e.g., door cores, panel substrates). 3. The product is part of the base building systems. Composite wood consists ofwood or plant particles or fibers bonded together by a synthetic resin orbinder. Examples include plywood, particle board,oriented-strandboard (OSB),medium-density fiberboard (MDF), and composite door cores. The following conditions describe which products must comply with the credit requirements: 1. The product is inside the building's waterproofing system. a. Composite wood components used in assemblies are included (e.g., door cores, panel substrates, plywood sections of I-beams). 3. The product is part of the base building systems. Contaminants are unwanted airborne constituents that may reduce air quality. (ASHRAE 62.1- 2007) !ER CI Credit 4.4 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 351 EFTA00281890

I EQ CI Credit 4.4 Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring VOC found in small amounts in animals and plants but carcinogenic and irritating to most people when present in high concentrations, causingheadaches, dizziness, mental impairment, and other symptoms. When present in the air at levels above O.t ppm parts of air, it can cause watery eyes, burning sensations in the eyes, nose and throat; nausea; coughing; chest tightness; wheezing; skin rashes; and asthmatic and allergic reactions. Indoor composite wood or agrifiber is a composite product installed on-site inside the building's weatherproofing system. Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the nature of air inside a building that affects the health and well-being ofbuildingoccupants. It is considered acceptablewhen there are no known contaminants atharmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction. (ASHRAE 62. t -zoo7) Laminate adhesive is used in wood or agrifiber products (veneered panels, composite wood products contained in engineered lumber, door assemblies, etc.). Off-gassing is the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from synthetic and natural products. Urea-formaldehyde is a combination of urea and formaldehyde that is used in some glues and may emit formaldehyde at room temperature. Phenol-formaldehyde, which off-gasses only at high temperature, is used for exterior products, although many of those products are suitable for interior applications. 352 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281891

LOW-EMITTING MATERIALS-SYSTEMS FURNITURE AND SEATING Credit Points I ED Credit 4.5 1 point Intent To reduce the quantityof indoor air contaminants that are odorous, irritating and/or harmful to the comfort and well-being of installers and occupants. Requirements All systems furniture' and seating4 that was manufactured, refurbished or refinished within I year prior' to occupancy must meet I of the options below. OPTION 1 Furniture and seating are Greenguard Indoor Air Quality Certified. OR OPTION 2 Calculated indoor air concentrations that are less than or equal to those listed in Table I for furniture systems and seating determined by a procedure based on the EPA Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Large Chamber Test Protocol for Measuring Emissions of VOCs and Aldehydes (September 1999) testing protocol conducted in an independent air quality testing laboratory. OR OPTION 3 Calculated indoor air concentrations that are less than or equal to those listed in Table I for furniture systems and seating determined by a procedure based on ANS1/B1FMA M7.1- 2.007and ANSI/BIFMA X7.1-2007 testing protocol conducted in an independent third-party air quality testing laboratory. TherequirementinSectionsofANSI/BIFMAX71-2.007iswaivedfor LEEDpurposes.Section 5 requires that laboratories used to perform the emissions testing and/or provide analytical results must be independently accredited to ISO/I EC 17025, "General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." Table 1. Maximum Indoor Air Concentrations Chemical Contaminant Emission Limits Systems Fumiture Emission Limits Seating TVOC 0.5 mg/m3 0.25 mg/m, Formaldehyde 50 parts per billion 25 pads per billion Total Aldehydes 100 parts per billion 50 pads per billion 4 - Phenylcyclohexene (4-PCH) 0.0065 men' 0.00325 milim, Sy •tems furniture is defined as either a pant .based workstation comprised ofmodular in teramnecting panels, hang.on components and drawer/Filing components. or a freestanding grouping of furniture items and their components that have been de igned to xxxk in concert. Furniture utile than >y>tems furniture and task and pest chain usedwith systems furniture is defined as occasional furniture and is exduded from the aedit requirements. Se ting latrine(' as task and guest chairs used with systems furniture ; Salvaged and used furniture that is more than i-yearold at time of occupancy is excluded from the credit requirements. IEQ CREDIT 4.5 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 353 EFTA00281892

IEQ CI Credit 4.5 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Refer to the Benefits and Issues section of IEQ Credit 4.1, Low-Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants. 2. Related Credits Because the intent of this credit is to reduce odorous, irritating, or harmful indoor air contaminants, the following other credits may be applicable: • IEQ Credit 4.1: Low Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants • IEQ Credit 4.2: Low Emitting Materials—Paints and Coatings ■ IEQ Credit 4.3: Low Emitting Materials—Flooring Systems ■ IEQ Credit 44: Low Emitting Materials—Composite Wood and Agrifiber Products Scheduling strategies relating to the use and tracking of low-emitting materials may be addressed early in construction and prior to occupancy. The following are credits also affected by scheduling considerations: ■ IEQ Credit 3.1: Construction IAQ Management Plan During Construction ■ IEQ Credit 3.2: Construction IAQ Management Plan Before Occupancy Project teams may wish to address smoking-related contaminants in the building in conjunction with other sources of air pollutants as outlined in the following credits: • IEQ Prerequisite a: Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control • I EQ Credit 5: Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control 3. Summary of Referenced Standards Greenguard' 'M Certification Program Greenguard Environmental Institute (GEI) http:(/www.greenguard.org GEI has "established performance-based standards to define goods with low chemical and particle emissions for use indoors," primarily for building materials; interior furnishings; furniture; electronics; and cleaning, maintenance, and personal care products. The standard establishes certification procedures that include "test methods, allowable emissions levels, product sample collection and handling, testing type and frequency, and program application processes and acceptance." U.S. EPA's Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Large Chamber Test Protocol for Measuring Emissions of VOCs and Aldehydes, effective September 1999 Research Triangle Institute and U.S. EPA http://www.epa.gov/nrmrlistdietvipubs/07 vp_fumiture.Of Under the leadership of the EPA,a testing protocol committee developed the referenced standards. The protocol requires the placement of the seating product or furniture assembly to be tested in a climatically controlled chamber. A controlled quantity of conditioned air is drawn through the chamber, and emission concentrations are measured at set intervals over a 4-day period. 4. Implementation The sections under IEQ Credit 4, Low-Emitting Materials, apply to products and installation processes that have the potential to adversely affect the IAQ of a project space and, consequently, those occupants exposed to the off-gassing of contaminants. LEED for Commercial Interiors IEQ Credit 4 employs 3 approachesto limit off-gassing: composition 354 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281893

limits, emission factors, and performance-based standards. For IEQ Credit 4.5, Low-Emitting Materials—Systems Furniture and Seating, the performance-based standards approach applies. Performance-Based Standards This approach calculates the amount of contaminants each product will add to the air. The protocols are very similar to those for emission factor testing, but are crafted to allow for testing of more complex assemblies such as systems furniture. Again, groups of products are placed in a test chamber. Air is circulated in the chamber, simulating the conditions where the product would normally be used. At set intervals,samples ofthe air are taken and analyzed. The results are reported in the same units of measure established for air quality and used in the LIQ testing procedure of IEQ Credit 3.2, Construction IAQ Management Plan Before Occupancy—parts per million, parts per billion, or micrograms per cubic meter of air. The performance-based standards approach is used in IEQ Credit 4.5, Low-Emitting Materials—Systems Furniture and Seating. The Greenguard Institute testing program for systems furniture and office seating uses performance-based standards. Using products listed as Greenguard certified is 1 means of compliance for IEQ Credit 4.5, Low-Emitting Materials—Systems Furniture and Seating. They are certified as having test results below the threshold contaminant amounts. In the selection of systems furniture and multiple office seating, the specifier should confirm that the desired product will meet the testing requirements at the time it is manufactured. The Greenguard Environmental Institute provides alisting ofthe products ithascertified.Additional manufacturers may also have met the testing requirements set out in this credit. Performance-Based Emissions Limits By satisfying the test results referenced in LEED for Commercial Interiors IEQ Credit 45, Low-Emitting Materials—Systems Furniture and Seating, the product should not increase the concentration of contaminants in the air around it by more than the threshold limits; the values are expressed as either mg1m3or parts per billion. The testing protocol that covers systems furniture uses a large chamber where a full workstation is assembled. The workstation size, mix of components, and types of materials(including fabrics and finishes) are intended to be representative of what is most commonly used in actual installations. Product specifiers may want to confer with the manufacturer when considering substitutions or if the density of the components will be higher than in a normal application. For the performance-based standard used in this credit to be applicable at the project site, other considerations need to be satisfied. The air velocity and outdoor air rate introduced into the work place should meet ASHRAE 62.1-2007, the same standard referenced in IEQ Prerequisite 1, Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance. Adequate ventilation during installation helps dissipate early off-gassing. The flush-out period called for in IEQ Credit 3.2, Construction IAQ Management Plan Before Occupancy, is not to begin until furniture installation is complete. Remember that systems furniture may be either a panel-based workstation comprising modular interconnecting panels, hang-on components, and drawer/filing components, or a free-standing grouping of furniture items and their components that have been designed to work in concert. Seating covered by this credit is defined as task and guest chairs used with systems furniture. Work tools often attached to systems furniture are not included in the credit requirement. Other furniture is considered occasional furniture and does not need to be included in the credit documentation.Also,salvaged and used fumiturethat is morethan yearold at thetime ofoccupancy is excluded from the credit Refurbishment of systems furniture or multiple office seating occurring within then-month period prior to occupancy must meet the credit requirements. IEQ CI Credit 4.5 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 355 EFTA00281894

IEQ CI Credit 4.5 5. Timeline and Team Refer to the Timeline and Team section of IEQ Credit 41, Low-Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants. 6. Calculations There are no calculations required for this credit. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Confirm that systems furniture and seating products specified for the project are Greenguard Indoor Air Quality certified ■ Complywith U.S. EnvironmentalProtectionAgency's EnvironmentalTeclmologyVerification Large Chamber Test Protocol for Measuring Emissions of VOCs and Aldehydes (September 1999) testing protocol, or comply with ANSI/BIFMA M7.1-2.007and ANSIMIFMA X7.1-zoo7 testing protocol. 8. Examples There are no examples for this credit. 9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations There are no regional variations for this credit. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Implement a sustainable purchasing policy for low-emitting materials during the building's operation. Help building operators find low-emitting furniture systems for future installations by providing them with the list of compliant products. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http:fiuww.usgbc.orgeprojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites GreenguarC Certification Program Greenguard Environmental Institute http://wwt.v.greenguard.orgi U.S. EPA's Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Large Chamber Test Protocol for Measuring Emissions of VOCs and Aldehydes, effective September,1999 Research Triangle Institute and U.S. EPA http://wwwepa.gmr/nrmlifstdietv/pubsfir_vp_fumiture.pdf Under the leadership of EPA, a testing protocol committee developed the referenced standards. The protocol requires the placement of the seating product or furniture assembly to be tested in a climatically controlled chamber. A controlled quantity of conditioned air is drawn through the chamber, and emission concentrations are measured at set intervals over a 4-day period. 356 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281895

13. Definitions Contaminants are unwanted airborne constituents that may reduce air quality (ASHRAE 2007). Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the nature of air inside a building that affects the health and well-being ofbuildingoccupants. It is considered acceptablewhen there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction. (ASHRAE 62.1-2007) Occasional furniture is located in lobbies and in conference rooms. Off-gassing is the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from synthetic and natural products. Systems furniture includes panel-based workstations comprising modular interconnectingpanels, hang-on components, and drawer and filing components or a free-standing grouping of furniture items designed to work in concert. Seating consists of task and guest chairs used with systems furniture. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carbon compounds that participate in atmospheric photochemical reactions (excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides and carbonates, and ammonium carbonate). The compounds vaporize (become a gas) at normal room temperatures. IE0 CI Credit 4.5 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 357 EFTA00281896

358 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281897

INDOOR CHEMICAL AND POLLUTANT SOURCE CONTROL r Credit IEQ Credit 5 Points 1 point Intent To minimize building occupant exposure to potentially hazardous particulates biological contaminants and chemical pollutants. that degrade air and water quality. Requirements Design to minimize and control the entry of pollutants into the tenant space and later cross- contamination of regularly occupied areas through the following strategies: • Employ permanent entryway systems at least to feet long in the primary direction of travel to capture dirt and particulates entering the building at all high-volume exterior entryways ■ Sufficiently exhaust each space where hazardous gases or chemicals may be present or used (e.g. garages, housekeeping and laundry areas copying and printing rooms) to create negative pressure with respect to adjacent spaces when the doors to the room are closed. For each of these spaces, provide self-closing doors and deck-to-deck partitions or a hard- lid ceiling. The exhaust rate must be at least 0.50 cubic feet per minute (cfm) per square foot, with no air recirculation. The pressure differential with the surrounding spaces must be at least s Pascals (Pa) (0.02 inches of water gauge) on average and t Pa (0.004 inches of water) at a minimum when the doors to the rooms are closed. ■ In mechanicallyventilated buildings, install new air filtration media in regularly occupied areas prior to occupancy; these filters must provide a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of13 or better. Filtration should be applied to process both return and outside air that is delivered as supply air. • Provide containment drains plumbed for appropriate disposal ofhazardous liquid wastes in spaces where water and chemical concentrate mixing occurs for maintenance or laboratory purposes. IEQ CREDIT 5 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 359 EFTA00281898

I Ell CI Credit 5 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues This credit recognizes projects that reduce or mitigate human contact with airborne chemicals and particles. Although additional materials and energy may be required to provide entryway systems and isolate chemical-use areas, proper management of hazardous chemicals used for building operations and maintenance is important. With proper maintenance, harmful chemical spills and accidents that would otherwise harm people and ecosystems can be avoided. Economic Issues Additional sinks, drains, room separations, and separate exhaust systems for copying and housekeeping areas can increase the project's overall initial cost. Dedicated ventilation and exhaust systems may require additional ductwork and associated installation costs. Effective housekeeping processes, however, coupled with good human health initiatives, should prove economically sound overthe lifetimeofthe project. Clean aircan promote occupants'productivity,increasingprofitability for the company. Reducing the potential for spills can avoid costly environmental cleanups. An environmentally sound building also supports the well-being of occupants, which may contribute to lowering health insurance rates and health care costs. 2. Related Credits Coordinate minimum efficiency reporting values (MERVs) in final filtration media with these other credits: ■ IEQ Credit 3.I: Construction IAQ Management Plan During Construction ■ IEQ Credit 3.2: Construction IAQ Management Plan Before Occupancy Additional ventilation systems designed to mitigate contaminating space activities may affect building energy performance and commissioning these issues are covered under the following credits: ■ EA Credit 1.3: Optimized Energy Perforrnance—HVAC ■ EA Prerequisite a: Minimum Energy Performance ■ EA Prerequisite 1: Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems ■ EA Credit a: Enhanced Commissioning Ventilation system design will also be affected; installed systems must be capable of accommodating filtration media required for credit compliance. Refer to these credits: ■ IEQ Prerequisite I: Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance ■ IEQ Credit t: Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring 3. Summary of Referenced Standard AmericanNationalStandards Institute (ANSI) ASHRAEsz.2-1999,MethodofTestingGeneral Ventilation Air-Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH RAE) http:fiww.ashrae.org This standard presents methods for testing air cleaners for a performance characteristics: the device's capacityforremoving particles from the airstream and the device's resistance to airflow. The minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) is based on 3 composite average particle size removal efficiency points. Consult the standard for a complete explanation of MERV value calculations. Tablet summarizes the requirements for MERV t3. 360 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281899

Table 1. Requirements for MERV 13 Composite Average Particle Size Efficiency (%) I Minimum Final Resistance 0.30 - 0.10 pm 1.0 - 3.0 pm 3.0 - 10.0 pm (Pa) (in. of water) <75% a90% a90% 350 1.0 4. Implementation The indoor air quality of buildings can be adversely affected by daily occupancy and operations. Occupants and building visitors contribute to indoor IAQ issues by introducing contaminants via shoes and clothing. Daily copier, fax, and printer operations add contaminants to the building's interior environment; in addition, the storage, mixing, and disposal of housekeeping liquids may adversely affect human health. This credit seeks to mitigate the amount of particulate, chemical, and biological contaminants that occupants are exposed to inside buildings and improve the indoor air quality. Entryway Systems Not all LEED for Commercial Interiors projects will need to satisfy all the requirements of this credit. When the project space does not have direct access to the exterior, the requirement for a permanent entryway system may be waived. When local code does not require separate plumbing for the sink located within the segregated area for hazardous gasses or chemicals, the separate plumbing may be waived. However,to eam this credit,the project team mustdemonstratethatifthere is a need for a segregated area for hazardous gasses or chemicals, the requirements for its construction and ventilation are met. Finally, the project team must demonstrate that new air filtration media with a MERV 13 or better rating has been installed prior to occupancy. The project team should incorporate permanent entryway systems, at all high-traffic exterior access points to reduce the amount of contaminants tracked into the occupied space. The entryway systems should be designed to capture and remove particles from shoes without allowing buildup of contaminants. High-traffic exterior access points will always include, but may not be limited to, the main building entry. Buildings that have entries from structured parking will have high use in these locations. In some instances,these entry points are inside a garage structure. While a covered garage does provide protection from the elements, it is a source of possible contaminants, and it functions as a direct connection to the outdoors. Buildings that have distinct employee and visitor entry points should include permanent entryway systems in these locations as well. The project team should evaluate all building entry points to determine whether permanent entryway systems should be incorporated. Equip all exterior to interior entrances with entryway systems (e.g., grilles, grates, or mats) to catch and hold dirt particles and prevent contamination of the building interior. Entryway systems must extend to feet from the building entrance into the building interior. Open grates and grilles or other entryway systems that have a recessed collection area are generally thought to be most effective. Mat systems should be appropriate for the climate. For example, durable coarse mats with large open loops are appropriate for capturing sand, mud or snow and should have a Class I fire-retardant rating. High-void volume within fibers provides space for trapping dirt below the mat surface and enables water to spread to a larger area for improved drying. This inhibits dirt retracing and mold and mildew growth. High-void volume mats are also easier to vacuum or shake out. Fiber height provides maximum scraping surface at the shoe and mat interface and improves vacuum efficiency. IEQ CI Credit 5 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 361 EFTA00281900

I Ell CI Credit 5 Entryway mats with solid backings capture dirt and moisture and help prevent soiling under the center of a mat and dirtying the floor after cleaning. A nonporous backing inhibits mold and mildew growth. The use of mold- and mildew-resistant materials in the mat construction can also prevent mold and mildew growth. Other recommended performance features for an entryway system include the following: • Fire-retardant ratings that exceed DOC-FF-1-70, such as National Fire Protection Association (N FPA) -253 Class I and II, which can reduce insurance costs • Electrostatic propensity levels of less than 2.5 kV, which means that the mat should not produce electrical discharges when a user touches other people or objects Entryway systems constructed with recycled-content and rubber backings are preferable. Hazardous Chemical Areas The design team should locate high-volume copy, print, and fax equipment in enclosed rooms away from regularly occupied spaces. In order to effectively remove airborne contaminants generated by this type of equipment, the rooms must be physically separated from adjacent spaces. This maybe accomplished through installation of deck-to-deck partitions or sealed gypsum board enclosures. Rooms with large openings but no doors will not meet the credit requirement. Installation of a self- closing door is an option for such spaces. To remove airborne contaminants and prevent cross- contamination into occupied spaces, copy, print, and fax rooms must be equipped with a dedicated exhaust system that creates negative pressure within the room, meeting the requirements of this credit. Convenience copier and printer use should be minimized if possible. Although encouraged, designing exhaust systems that account for convenience copier and printer use is not required for credit. Chemical storage and mixing areas, such as janitor's closets and photo labs, should also be located away from occupantwork areas.Additionally,these rooms mustbe physicallyseparated from adjacent spaces via installation of deck-to-deck partitions or sealed gypsum board enclosures. Rooms must be equippedwith a dedicated exhaust system that creates the required negative pressurization to ensure that cross-contamination into adjacent occupied spaces will not occur. Drywall ceilings may be used in place of full-height partitions, but acoustical lay-in ceilings are not adequate. The definition of convenience printers and copiers, which are not required to be segregated in a chemical use area, is left to the discretion of the design team; convenience machines are generally smaller units shared by many office personnel for short print and copy jobs. Battery banks used to provide temporary back-up power must be segregated to satisfy credit requirements. Housekeeping facilities that are part of a common laundry room in residential or hospitality buildings must meet the chemical storage requirements. Rooms where chemicals are mixed and disposed should be isolated and include sinks and/or drains in appropriate locations to ensure these chemicals are properly disposed of and not dumped into inadequate spaces (e.g., restrooms); local codes requiring separate drain lines are to be followed. Special consideration should be given to the design and installation of containment drains to ensure that hazardous waste is properly disposed and to prevent environmental damage or contamination of water systems. MI building HVAC systems must be able to accommodate filtration systems with a minimum MERV 13 rating. This maybe difficult to achieve for spaces with low-capacity, packaged air-handling systems because of the size of these filters and their associated pressure drop. 362 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281901

5. Timeline and Team Duringthe early planning stageofa project, ask questions about the client's equipment requirements and usage patterns. This information will be critical in determining whether dedicated, isolated rooms will be required to house copy, fax, and print equipment. During the schematic design phase, the architect or designer should identify locations for entryway systems and incorporate project-specific details to ensure their proper performance. Confirm the locations of areas where chemicals and high-volume copy, fax, and print equipment will be used. It may be possible to locate such rooms above or adjacent to 1 another to make individual exhaust systems unnecessary and thereby minimize exhaust ductwork and drainage piping. Also confirm that chemical and equipment rooms are properly isolated from adjacent spaces. The layout may prohibit deck-to-deck separation and separate ventilation systems for chemical use areas. Storage areas for recyclable materials might also be considered sources of contaminants, depending on the items recycled. During the design development phase, the mechanical engineer should incorporate MERV 13 filters, dedicated exhaust systems, and separate drainage piping into the drawings and specifications; these elements will affect the fan sizing, shaft layout, and underground coordination. Indoor chemical and pollutant source control is primarily a planning, design, and operations issue. In the construction phase, the space exhaust systems are installed and commissioned to ensure they met the owner's requirements and the design intent. 6. Calculations There are no calculations required for this credit 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Retain drawings showing the location and size of all permanent entryway systems and/or walk-off mats. ■ Detail deck-to-deck partitions or hard-lid conditions at rooms known to have contaminates. ■ Review negative pressure calculations at hazardous chemical areas to assure proper depressurization as the project evolves. ■ Maintain product literature for MERV 13 or higher filters. IEQ CI Credit 5 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 383 EFTA00281902

IEQ CI Credit 5 8. Examples Figure 1. Requirements for Isolation Areas for Hazardous Gases or Chemicals SPACE TO BE ExHAUSIED TO OUTSIDE WITH NO AIR RECIRCULATION MAKE-UP AIR TO BE PROVIDED TO MARIAN NEGATIVE PRESSURIZATION DECK-10 DECK PARTITIONS SEPARATING COPY ROW SELF-CLOSING DOOR 9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations Local weather conditions should be factored into determining the location and type of entryway systems. For example, in areas that receive heavy rain or snow, it maybe prudent to locate entryway systems in an enclosed vestibule or inside the building. A floor drain beneath the grille may also be necessary. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Establish procedures and schedules for replacing filtration media and testing and maintaining exhaust systems and include them in the building's preventive maintenance plan. Systems that require regular maintenance should be designed to be easily accessible to operations staff. Ensure that protocols for selecting, storing, and handling hazardous waste are clearly communicated to building operators; some janitorial supplies can degrade indoor air quality. Develop, document, and record entryway maintenance practices in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications. These practices should specify cleaning strategies for the exterior and interior of entryways,general maintenance of entryway systems,and cleaning during inclement weather. Operations staff can reduce maintenance and replacement needs for entryway systems by keeping exterior walkways clean and usinghigh-quality mats. Cleaning mats frequently can prolong the life of carpets and other flooring materials. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (lim_Wwww.us c.o pEojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. 364 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281903

Websites Green Seal http://ww.greenseal.orgffindaproduct/index.cfm Green Seal is an independent, nonprofit organization that promotes the manufacture and sale of environmentally responsible consumer products. This webite contains product recommendations for general purpose cleaning solutions. Janitorial Products Pollution Prevention Project http://wvmwestpznetorejanitorialfjp4cfm The Janitorial Products Pollution Prevention Project is a governmental and nonprofit project that provides fact sheets, tools, and links. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Information httvfivnna .r.e .gogopptintrfepp/toolsjindex.htm This list of tools includes a database of environmental information on more than 600 products, including janitorial and pest control products. Print Media Clean and Green: The Complete Guide to Non-1bric and Environmentally Safe Housekeeping, by Annie Berthold-Bond(Ceres Press,1994). 13. Definitions Air-handling units are mechanical indirect heating, ventilating, or air-conditioning systems in which the air is treated or handled by equipment located outside the rooms served, usually at a central location, and conveyed to and from the rooms by a fan and a system of distributing ducts. (NEEB 1997 edition) Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the nature of air inside a building that affects the health and well-being ofbuildingoccupants. It is considered acceptablewhen there are no known contaminants atharmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction. (ASHRAE 62. t -2007) Minimum efficiency reportingvalue (MERV) is a filter ratingestablished bythe American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE 52.2-1999, Method of Testing General Ventilation Air Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiencyby Particle Size). MERV categories range from t (very low efficiency) to 16 (very high). Permanent entryway systems can be open floor grates or grilles with a recessed area designed to capture dirt and other debris from shoes and clothing. Regularlyoccupied spaces in commercial buildings are areaswhere people sitor stand as theywork. In residential applications these spaces include all living and family rooms and exclude bathrooms, closets, or other storage or utility areas. Walk-off mats are placed inside building entrances to capture dirt, water, and other materials tracked inside by people and equipment. IEQ CI Credit 5 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 365 EFTA00281904

366 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281905

CONTROLLABILITY OF SYSTEMS-LIGHTING Credit Points IEQ Credit 6.1 1 point Intent To provide a high level of lighting system control for individual occupants or groups in multi- occupant spaces (e.g., classrooms and conference areas) and promote their productivity, comfort and well-being. Requirements Provide individual lighting controls for: 9o% (minimum) of the tenant space occupants to enable adjustments to suit individual task needs and preferences. Provide lighting system controls for all shared multi-occupant spaces to enable adjustments that meet group needs and preferences. IEQ CREDIT 6.1 2009 EDITION EEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 387 EFTA00281906

IEQ CI Credit 6.1 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Providing individual controls for lighting increases occupant comfort by enabling them to adjust the workspace to their individual lighting needs. Individual controls also allow for multiple lighting possibilities—lighting for specific tasks, general overhead lighting, lighting with consideration for A/V needs,and lecture-style lightingwith emphasis on the leamingwalls or presentation screens, for example. By balancing ambient light levels and providing user-controlled, flexible, task-appropriate lighting, project teams can reduce the overall lighting energy consumption and the heat loads associated with unnecessarily high or uneven levels of indoor lighting. Effective lighting is important to human comfort, productivity, and communication. In classroom and presentation settings, building occupants must be able to see material on which they are working, as well as material that is presented on white boards and projected onto screens. Economic Issues Additional task lights and lighting controls might increase initial costs for the project. These costs aregenerallyoffset bya reduced heat load and mayenable designers to minimize ambient light levels, as well as the number of installed fixtures and lamps.Abuse of personal controls, such as leaving task lights on when not in the room, has the potential to increase energy costs. Integrating individual controls with occupancy sensors provides project teams with an opportunity to reduce the overall energy cost. Integrating light-reflecting (or light-absorbing) surface materials with lighting design may create opportunities to reduce the number of installed luminaries, resulting in potential energy savings. 2. Related Credits Task lighting can be affected by numerous factors; the following credit requirements should be considered when designing the lighting systems: ■ IEQ Credit 8: Daylight and Views ■ IEQ Credit 6.2: Controllability of Systems—Thermal Comfort Additionally, energy performance is significantly affected by lighting systems. Consider the following related credits: ■ EA Prerequisite 2: Minimum Energy Performance ■ EA Credit 1.1: Optimize Energy Performance—Lighting Power ■ EA Credit 1.2: Optimize Energy Performance—Lighting Controls • EA Prerequisite 1: Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems • EA Credit z: Enhanced Commissioning 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit 4. Implementation Many conventional buildings have only fixed-intensity general lighting systems that illuminate indoor spaces without consideration forspecific tasks and individual occupant comfort or needs. A better approach provides uniform,general ambient lighting,augmentedwith individually controlled task fixtures. When developing a task-ambient approach, the lighting designer should investigate methods for 368 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281907

providing uniform ambient light. Increased uniformity will reduce the perception of decreased light levels in open spaces by minimizing high contrast areas. Designers should investigate the benefits of direct and indirect or pendant-mounted systems coupled with high reflectance ceiling surfaces and finishes. Integrating surface material and lighting design might reduce the number of necessary lighting fixtures, resulting in potential energy savings. To comply with ASHRAE 90U-2007, task lighting mustbe included in the lighting allowance forEA Prerequisite nand EACredit 1.2. Daylighting can be integrated with this credit by using daylighting technologies and strategies where possible to balance artificial light levels in the space as detailed in IEQ Credits 8a and 8.2. The office equipment and layout should be carefully analyzed to ensure that 9o% of the occupants have lighting controls. Task lights come in several varieties, from desktop lamps to fixtures that are permanently attached to workstations. Ideally these task lights will have multiple lighting levels and automatic shutoff switching. Task lighting does not need to be hardwiredto meet the requirements of this credit: Outlet- powered task lighting provides a simple and effective way to add additional control. The anticipated space uses, as well as any special needs or lighting preferences of the Lasted building users should be documented and given to the lightingdesigner. Thiswill enable the designer to provide sufficient controllability and create light levels that match the needs and desires and for all users. 5. Timeline and Team During design, the layout of lighting and controls is the responsibility of the architect or lighting designer in consultation with the owner. Consider occupants' lighting needs and desires. Document the tasks specific to each space and the tools and equipment that occupants will use on a daily basis. A large open space, such as a 24-hour data center, might have special design needs because of round- the-clock use. Ensuring consistent, ergonomic, and operable lighting is a fundamental partofdesign decision making and project infrastructure. In design development, project teams should involve electrical engineers and coordinate power and circuitry requirements. Design should include lighting professionals and electrical engineers to ensure that white boards and screens are free from glare. Improperly lit surfaces can prevent participants from seeing important information. Lighting for audiovisual presentations should be dark enough that images are clearly visible on the screen but not so dark that the audience cannot take notes. Early in the construction phase, coordinate the final calibration of the lighting controls with the installer and commissioning agent to ensure that the system operates as intended. Once the fixtures are installed, lighting systems and controls should be commissioned for specific calibration. During building operation, the owner should provide training for building maintenance staff in the calibration of systems and relamping. Property management and building engineers should periodically review lighting systems, as well as conduct surveys to ensure that occupants' needs are met and that lighting is working according to design. 6. Calculations Adjustable Task Lighting Identify workstation locations intended for individual use. Include every individual workspace (e.g., private offices, open-plan workstations, reception stations, ticket booths). Confirm that 90% or more of occupants of these spaces have task lighting that enables adjustment to suit individual needs. Adjustability, at a minimum, the occupants must be able to turn the fixture on and off. Ideally, the occupant can easily reposition the fixture and have multiple light levels. The fixture should be appropriate for the task. IEQ CI Credit 6.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 369 EFTA00281908

I EQ CI Credit 6.1 Shared Multioccupant Spaces In conference rooms, classrooms, and other indoor spaces used for functions such as presentations and training, the group should have access to adequate controls to suit its activities. Specific types or numbers of controls are not listed in the credit requirements to allow for flexibility in designing to the unique uses of each project. Meeting spaces must be designed so that occupants have control of their individual area; subdivide these spaces with movable walls or partitions. When daylighting is used as a component of an ambient lighting scheme in either type of space, provide glare control, lighting level controls, and room-darkening shades if appropriate. Offices and Other Regularly Occupied Spaces Count the workstation locations intended for individual use. The office and equipment layout should be carefully analyzed to ensure that 90%or more of occupants of these spaces have individual lighting controls that enable adjustment to suit individual needs. Adjustability, at a minimum, must enable the occupant to turn the fixture on and off. Individual Workstation Lighting Controls Workstations with Controls (%) = Individual Listing Controls Provided Total Individual Workstations (include private offices and cubicles) 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Maintain a floor plan that indicates the location, zoning, and type of lighting controls. The floor plan should also include furniture layout and indicateindividual and shared work areas. • Retain design information on task lighting, sensors, and lighting controls. 8. Examples Figure 1. Workstations with Individually Adjustable Task Lighting VI • ADJUSTABLE TASK LIGHTING FOR INDEPENDENT OCCUPANT CONTROL AMBIENT LIGHTING DESIGNED FOR MINIMUM AVERAGE IESNA RECOMMENDED LIGHT LEVELS 370 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281909

Figure 2. Multioccupant Space with Access to Lighting Controls IEQ CI SHARED MULTI OCCUPANT SPACE ADJUSTABLE LIGHTING CONTROL OPTIONS: DIMMER SWITCHES STEP DIMMING BI-LEVEL SWITCHING MULTI-ZONES Daylight harvesting and lighting control have been linked to higher productivity and lower energy bills. A lighting control system that either is remotely programmed or uses occupancy sensors (with a delay) to turn lamps on and off can save energy when areas are not in use. 9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations Buildings in regions with strong sunlight may need to use less electric lighting by day but require greater controllability in their lighting systems. Because daylight levels may range from the low to the intense during the come of a day, building occupants may experience discomfort if light levels fluctuate widely. Project teams in these regions should consider incorporating passive design strategies, such as good building orientation and the use of light-shielding devices like canopies, to control daylight. Daylight sensors that automatically adjust artificial lighting to compensate are also effective. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Building owners and architects should work with the lighting engineers and building operators in specifying the number and type of lighting controls to be installed. For automatic controls, provide appropriate setpoints and schedules in the facility's building operation plan. Establish procedures and schedules for recalibrating sensors based on the manufacturer's requirements, and include them in the building's preventive maintenance plan. When specifying automatic controls, consider the intended space use and choose an option suited to expected conditions. A utility room, for example, may have moving parts that can falsely trigger motion-based sensors. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http:fiwww.usgbc.org(pLojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Credit 6.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 371 EFTA00281910

I EQ CI Credit 6.1 Websites A Field Study of Personal Environmental Module Performance in Bank of America's San Francisco Office Buildings http://wmv.cbe.berkeley.edui rchpdf _filestbaumanigg8 bofa.pdf This University of California, Berkeley research center provides information about underfloor air distribution technologies and other topics. Association of Lighting and Mercury Recyclers http:(Jwww.almr.org Energy-to" National Renewable Energy Laboratory http://ww.nrel.govibuildingsienergym.html Print Media Controls and Automation for Facilities Managers: Applications Engineering, by Viktor Boed (CRC Press, 1998). Advanced Lighting Guidelines, 2003 edition, by New Buildings Institute (NBI, 2003):http://www. newbuildings.orgilighting.htm. Controls and Automation for Facilities Managers: Applications Engineering, by Viktor Boed (CRC Press, 1998). IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th edition, by Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA, 2000): Document ID HB-9-00, at httplfwv.iesna.org. 13. Definitions Audiovisual (AN) media are slides, film, video, sound recordings, and other such devices used to present information. Commissioning is the process of verifying and documenting that the facility and all of its systems and assemblies are planned, designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained to met the owner's project requirements. Controls are operating mechanisms that enable a person to turn on or off devices (e.g., lights, heaters) or adjust systems within a range (e.g., lighting, temperature). Daylighting is the controlled admission of natural light into a space through glazing to reduce or eliminate electric lighting. Glare is any excessively bright source of light within the visual field that creates discomfort or loss invisibility. In individual occupant spaces, workers use standard workstations to conduct individual tasks. Examples are private offices and open office areas with multiple workers. Nonoccupied spaces include all rooms used by maintenance personnel that are not open for use by occupants. Examples are closets and janitorial, storage, and equipment rooms. Outdoor air is the ambient air that enters a building through a ventilation system, either through intentional openings for natural ventilation or by infiltration. (ASH RAE 62.1-2007) Shared (group) multioccupant spaces include conference rooms, classrooms, and other indoor spaces used as places of congregation. Sensors are devices that undergo a measurable change in response to a change in the environment and communicate this to the appropriate equipment or control system. 372 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281911

CONTROLLABILITY OF SYSTEMS-THERMAL COMFORT CI Credit Points IEQ Credit 6.2 1 point Intent To provide a high level of thermal comfort system control' for individual occupants or groups in multi-occupant spaces (e.g., classrooms and conference areas) and promote their productivity, comfort and well-being. Requirements Provide individual controls for so% (minimum) of the tenant occupants to enable adjustment to suit individual needs and preferences, Operable windows may be used in lieu of individual controls for occupants located zo feet inside and to feet to either side of the operable part of the window. The areas of operable window must meet the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 62..1- 2007 paragraph 5.1 Natural Ventilation (with errata but without addenda:). Provide comfort system controls for all shared multi-occupant spaces to enable adjustments that meet group needs and preferences. Conditions for thermal comfort are described in ASHRAE Standard 55-2004. (with errata but without addenda) and include air temperature, radiant temperature, air speed and humidity. 1 Per the purpreet adds entellttomfort system coattails defined as camelover at knit °idlest primary haat In the occupant's localenvittement alr temperature, radiant tempenture,alr speed andhuraldity. a Project teams Maltby touteASFIRAE approved adcknas foe the purposes SUS credit maydo so at theirdiseretion. Addenda must be applied consbiently aatss all LEED °edits. IEQ CREDIT 6.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 373 EFTA00281912

IEQ CI Credit 6.2 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Providing acceptable levels of temperature control and ventilation air to building occupants will promote ahealthywork environmentand improve the qualityoflifefor tenants.Atypical commercial interior project may not be able to adjust major base building components of the HVAC system, but the designers can maximize the thermostatic control and the amount of outside air provided by following ASHRAE 62.1-2007 and by incorporating an adequate number of thermostats for the space. Allowing occupants the ability to control the temperature in their space will likely result in reduced energy consumption and associated negative environmental impacts. Economic Issues Occupantcomplaints frequently include thermal discomfort. Greater thermal comfort may increase occupant performance and attendance and, at least, will reduce complaints. According to the Rocky Mountain Institute's Green Developments in Real Estate, office worker salaries are estimated to be 72 times higher than energy costs," and they account for 92% of the life-cycle costs of a building. With this in mind, thermal comfort can have a tremendous effect on overall costs.'9 Case studies have shown productivity increases from I% to 16%, saving companies millions of dollars per year." Additional controllability may add to a project's initial costs, however, these costs are generally offset by energy savings from lower-conditioned temperatures, automatic occupancy detectors, natural ventilation, and shading devices. Conversely, abuse of personal controls, such as setting thermostats too high or leaving windows open during nonworking hours, increases energy costs. Therefore, it is important to educate occupants on the design and function of system controls. 2. Related Credits The intent of this credit is to enable individuals and, in multioccupant spaces,groups to control their thermal comfort. The following prerequisites and credits also address building occupants' ability to control systems, maintenance, and other factors: • EA Prerequisite 1: Fundamental Commissioning of Building Systems • EA Prerequisite 2: Minimum Energy Performance • EA Credit 1.3: Optimize Energy Performance—HVAC • EA Credit 2: Enhanced Commissioning • EA Credit 3: Measurement and Verification • IEQ Credit 6.1: Controllability of Systems—Lighting • IEQ Credit 8: Daylight and Views 3. Summary of Referenced Standards American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality ASH RAE httN/www.ashrae.org Section 5.1 of the standard provides minimum requirements for operable openings. The portion of the window that can be opened must be 4% of the net occupiable floor area. Building occupants must have ready access to the means of opening the windows. 374 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281913

American National Standards institute (ANSI)/ASHRAE Standard 55 2004: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy ASH RAE http:(/www.ashrae.org ASHRAE 55-2004 identifies the factors of thermal comfort and the process for developing comfort criteria for a building space and its occupants. ASHRAE states, "This standard specifies the combinations of indoor space environment and personal factors that will produce thermal environmental conditions acceptable to 8c% or more of the occupants within a space. The environmental factors addressed are temperature, thermal radiation, humidity, and air speed; the personal factors are those of activity and clothing." 4. Implementation Many conventional buildings are built as sealed spaces in which the occupants have no control over thermal conditions. A better approach would give individuals the freedom to adjust the thermal conditions fora more comfortable environment. An individual's thermal comfort can depend on air velocity, the direction and temperature of indoor air, and moisture content. Mechanical systems that allow for individual control of comfort can be integrated into the overall systems design byenablingindividual adjustment of selected comfort parameters,such as individual thermostats, individual diffusers (located on the floor, desk or overhead), and individual radiant panels. Occupancy sensors can also be integrated into the design to automatically turn down the thermostat and reduce airflow when occupants are away, which helps reduce energy use. Operable windows are often 1 of the occupants' most desired building features. In commercial interior projects where the space is being selected, the project team will have some say. Other means of providing thermal comfort involve planning and design consideration. When the control method is chosen and the space occupied, project teams take time to educate occupants on the individual controls of their office space, as well as facility managers on maintaining the HVAC equipment and recalibrating controls as recommended by the manufacturers. 5. Timeline and Team By surveying the building tenants, the design team can determine the level of individual control desired. Confirm that the central HVAC systems will be able to provide the desired level of thermal comfort. During design development, locate the thermal comfort controls with electrical and mechanical engineers as well as the construction or development manager. Consider thermal comfort needs as they pertain to ASHRAE 55-2004 requirements. Evaluate the controls for each space, considering the specific tools and equipment that occupants will use on a daily basis. When evaluating shared occupant spaces, consider the occupancy schedule. If possible, include comfort controls that meet both individual needs and those of groups in shared spaces. ASHRAE 55-zoo4 identifies the factors of thermal comfort and the process for developing comfort criteria for a building space and its occupants. Strategies to consider include designs with mechanical systems only, operable windows, and hybrid designs incorporating operable windows and mechanical systems. Postinstallation commissioningofall thermal comfort systemswill ensure proper operation. During building operation, the owner should provide training for building maintenance staff in using the controls. Property management and building engineers should periodically review comfort control systems to ensure that occupants' needs are met and that controls are working according to design. IEQ CI Credit 6.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 375 EFTA00281914

IEQ CI Credit 6.2 6. Calculations Individual Thermal Comfort Identify workstations intended for individual use, such as private offices, open-plan workstations, reception stations, and ticket booths. Confirm that sc.% or more of individuals occupying these locations have at least t means of individual control over thermal comfort. Operable windows maybe used in lieu of individual controls for occupants located within 20 feet of the exterior wall and within to feet of either side of the operable part of the window. The operable portion of the window must comply with the free-opening size criterion of ASHRAE 62.1-zo07, Section s.t; the minimum area of the window that may be opened is 4% of the net occupiable floor area. For the limits used in this credit (i.e., an area 20 feet by so feet per window), the opening size would need to be 16 square feet. Shared Multioccupant Spaces For conference rooms and lecture halls, confirm that there is at least t accessible means of control over thermal comfort. For meeting spaces that can be subdivided, such as a convention hall with a movable wall, occupants in each area have control of their individual area. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Maintain a list of the total number of individual workstations and thermal controls in individual workstations. ■ Maintain a list of the project's group multioccupant spaces and a description of the installed thermal controls in shared, multioccupant spaces. 8. Examples Figure 1. Underfloor Air Distribution System with Individual Controls for Air Velocity and Temperature VARIABLE VOLUME —v.- AIR DISTRIBUTION 376 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR ULSIUN ANU LUN I NUL I IUN 2OUy LUI I ION EFTA00281915