OPTIMIZE ENERGY PERFORMANCE-EQUIPMENT AND APPLIANCES ou Credit Points EA Credit 1.4 1-4 points Intent To achieve increasing levels of energy conservation beyond the prerequisite standard to reduce environmental and economic impacts associated with excessive energy use. Requirements For all ENERGY STAR' qualified equipment and appliances installed as part of the tenant's scope of work, achieve one of the following percentages (by rated power): Percent Installed ENERGY STAR Qualified Equipment of ENERGY STAR Eligible Equipment Points 70% 1 77% 2 84% 3 90% 4 This requirement applies to appliances, office equipment, electronics, and commercial food service equipment. Excluded are HVAC, lighting, and building envelope products. EA CREDIT 1.4 2009 EDITION LEER REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 177 EFTA00281716

CI Credit 1.4 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues According to the 2003 Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey, conducted by the Energy Information Agency, plug loads, such as energy use for office equipment and computers, account for 9% of total office building energy consumption and is% of total electricity consumption25 Because of the magnitude of plug loads in certain building types, encouraging their reduction is very important. Plug loads, however, are hard to quantify and regulate. The few data that are available generally show that end-use consumption is quite variable—both across building types and within building types. ASH RAE 90.1-2007, addresses plug loads in a limited degree through the performance rating method in Appendix G. Economic Issues Using ENERGY STAR-qualified products will reduce the energy used in the project space. ENERGY STAR reports that qualified products use 30-75% less electricity than other products!' Although the initial purchase cost may be higher, the energy savings realized will translate directly into long- term cost savings. If every computer purchased by businesses this year met the new ENERGY STAR requirements, firms would save more than $z60 million over the lifetime of those models— equivalent to lighting 130 million square feet of U.S. commercial building space each year." 2. Related Credits Because thermal comfort can be affected by energy-using equipment, the equipment specifier and the HVAC designer need to coordinate their plans. Additionally, although not typically required by LEED,equipment and appliances can be included within the scope ofcommissioning. The following prerequisites and credits address these issues: ■ EA Prerequisite Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems ■ EA Prerequisite a: Minimum Energy Performance ■ EA Credit 1.3: Optimize Energy Performance—HVAC ■ EA Credit 2: Enhanced Commissioning ■ IEQ Credit 7.1: Thermal Comfort—Design 3. Summary of Referenced Standard ENERGY STAR'-Qualified Products httplfwv.energystar.gov Products in more than 50 categories are eligible for ENERGY STAR certification. They use less energy, save money, and help protect the environment. 4. Implementation Differing occupant densities and work schedules cause wide variations in plug loads and make it difficult to establish a constant metric.A few people in a big space with inefficient computers will use fewer watts per square foot than an office full of high-efficiency monitors, networked computers, laptops, and LCD displays. Similarly, fast food restaurants, where there is little or no sit-down dining, rate poorly when area is included in the plug load calculation. Using Btu per meal may be a more reliable metric for a fast food space. In retail stores, sales volume or the number of clients served potentially has abetter correlation to process load. Using ENERGY STAR-qualified products is the most straightforward way to optimize energy performance. Appliances and equipment can have a large impact on the energy usewithin a space. Tableicompares 178 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281717

the regulated loadswithinofficeswith unregulated processloads.Table 2. shows that the rated power of equipment is considerably higher than the actual average demand of the system. Table 1. Regulated vs. Non regulated Energy Consumption, by End Use Load k8tu (sf-yr) watts (s0 Heating 11.40 0.38 Cooling 7.46 0.25 Ventilation 3.63 0.12 Water heating 1.87 0.06 Lighting 22.15 0.74 Regulated Subtotal 46.51 1.56 Cooking 1.01 0.03 Refrigeration 0.37 0.01 Office Equipment 12.65 0.42 Misc. 3.45 0.12 Process Subtotal 17.48 0.59 Source: EIA. C8ECS 1995 Table 2. Energy Consumption and Rated Power, by Equipment Type Energy Star Equipment Rated Power (watts) Total Number in Project Number of Energy Star Total Powre in Project (watts) Power that is Energy Star (watts) Desktop Computer 120 10 8 1200 960 Notebook Computer 45 20 16 900 720 Display (CRT) 15" 100 0 0 Display (CRT) 17" 200 2 1 400 200 Display (CRT) 21" 300 0 0 Display (LCD) 15' 45 2 2 90 90 Display (LCD) 17' 75 6 4 450 300 Display (LCD) 21' 120 0 0 Desktop laser printer 120 1 0 120 0 Office laser printer 250 2 1 500 250 Desktop copier 225 0 0 Office copier 750 1 I 750 750 Fax machine 45 1 I 45 45 Scanner 45 0 0 Refrigerator 750 1 1 750 750 Dishwasher 1200 1 1 1200 1200 0 Televisions 100 0 Commercial refrigeratodfreezer 1000 0 Commercial fryer 10000 0 Commercial hot food holding cabinet 1500 0 Commercial steam cooker 8000 0 Clothes washer 350 0 0 Clothes dryer 2000 0 0 Totals 6405 5265 Percent Energy Star 82.2% Sources: Energy Star Websile (attafriSpO DOE Energy Information Portal (htlp://mweeere.enercy.gov) Lawrence Berkeley nation& Laboratory Websile for equipment based on a variety of real* paw dross of different equipment and Reports (htlpflencluseiblgod ESTAR Moog Note: The values in this table represent average are applicable only for v.ekghting the LEED calculation estimates of actual paw, in use. f government infarnalen 'arm. The values and see not meant to be accurate rated parer sures based on EA CI Credit 1.4 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 179 EFTA00281718

EA CI Credit L4 Select energy-efficient equipment and appliances in the following categories: ■ Appliances, such as dishwashers, refrigerators, and water coolers. ■ Office equipment, such as computers, copiers, fax machines, digital duplicators, notebook computers, tablet PCs, mailing machines, external power adapters, monitors, printers, scanners, and all-in-ones. ■ Electronics, such as battery charging systems, cordless phones, combination units, digital- to-analog converter boxes (DTAs), DVD players, external power adapters, home audio, televisions,and VCRs. ■ Commercial food service equipment, such as dishwashers, fryers, hot food holding cabinets, ice machines, solid door refrigerators and freezers, and steam cookers. HVAC, lighting systems, and building envelope products are outside the scope of EA Credit 1.4. The credit applies to all installed equipment and appliances listed by the ENERGY STAR program. Any categories added to the ENERGY STAR list in the future may be used in the project team's calculation. Periodically review the ENERGY STAR website for updates to product categories and models. Consult the interpretation rulings for this credit to find the rated power that must be used in the calculation. MI appliances and equipment installed at the time of occupancy must be included in this credit. Equipment and appliances must meet the ENERGY STAR criteria current at the time of purchase. Any items covered by the ENERGY STAR program that are purchased after new criteria have been issued must meet the new criteria. Upgraded Replacements When appliances are replaced with ENERGY STAR-qualified equipment from a different category and at a lower rated power, the higher rated power value corresponding to the new product category can be used for this credit. For example, if a desktop computer is replaced with a new, ENERGY STAR-qualified notebook computer, the team may use 120 watts as the rated power for the desktop computer in place of 45 watts for the notebook computer. Similarly, when a CRT display unit is replaced with a new, more efficient ENERGY STAR-qualified LCD display unit, the higher rated power value of the CRT display may be used in the credit calculation. The replacement must occur between the time of project registration and certification application. The rated power of a piece of equipment is the maximum power it can draw under any conditions. The actual power used by office equipment and appliances is often less than half the rated power (Table;). The actual power varies significantly based on factors such as frequency of use, number of simultaneous functions, resolution, and mode. The default power values used in this credit are not intended to be accurate estimates of the actual power draw of the equipment. Rather, the values weight the calculation based on the contribution of each piece of equipment or appliance to the overall plug load of the building. 180 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281719

Table 3. Comparison of Actual Power and Rated Powe , by Equipment Type Equipment lype Actual power draw (as a % of rated power draw) Sauce PCs 25 - 50% Norford et al., 1989 Impact and inkjet Printers 20- 25% Computer network equipment 30% Kunz, 1997 Computers 14 - 33% Komor, 1997 Monitors -28 - 85% Printers -9 - 32% PCs 5 - 35% Hosni, Jones, and X, 1999 Facsimile Machine 20 — 45% Network Server 50% Monitor 15 — 36% 5. Timeline and Team The office manager and project owner should institute a purchasing policy that specifies ENERGY STAR-qualified equipment and appliances. 6. Calculations At least 7o% of the total power demand of all eligible equipment must be attributable to ENERGY STAR-qualified products. The calculation is based on power demand rather than the number of appliances to normalize the anticipated energy savings to the consumption of each item. Use the following calculation to determine percentage achievement: STEP 1 Count the eligible appliances and pieces of equipment in the project and enter the number in column 3 of Table a. Indicate how many of each equipment type are ENERGY STAR-qualified products, and enter that number in column 4. An upgrade should be shown in the same row as the item it replaced so that the team can count the higher wattage of the replaced equipment. STEP 2 Multiply the total numbers and the ENERGY STAR numbers bythe rated power values in column 2 to calculate the total rated power installed and the total rated power that is attributable to ENERGY STAR-qualified equipment. STEP 3 Divide the rated power of ENERGY STAR equipment by the project's total equipment rated power to determine the percentage; refer to the Requirements section to determine the number of points achieved. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measure. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • List generic and ENERGY STAR-qualified equipment, associated rated power (watts), and energy use per day for the project space. EA CI Credit 1.4 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 181 EFTA00281720

EA CI Credit L4 8. Examples A small office has 20 computers and t refrigerator, all the computers are ENERGY STAR-qualified models but the refrigerator is not. The office is using ENERGY STAR-qualified equipment for more than 9o%of its equipment byquantitybut must calculate the percentage of rated power attributable to ENERGY-STAR products; the rated input wattage is 75%. This example qualifies fort point under this credit. The team would need to achieve a rated power of 77% to reach the threshold fora second point. 9. Exemplary Performance Projects may earn an exemplary performance credit under Innovation and Design by achieving a rated power of 97% attributable to ENERGY STAR-qualified equipment and appliances. 10. Regional Variations There are no regional variations associated with this credit. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations To facilitate continued purchase of qualifying equipment, provide information to the tenant's operations team, including cutsheets and purchase orders, for all ENERGY STAR-qualified equipment installed within the space. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (httflivnvw.usgbc.oreprojectools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites http://ww.energystar.gc_iv ENERGYSTARisagovemment-industrypartnershipmanagedbytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy. The program's website offers energy management strategies, benchmarking software tools for buildings, product procurement guidelines, and lists of ENERGY STAR-qualified products and buildings. EPA provides an innovative energy performance rating system that organizations have already used to rate more than 70,000 buildings across the country. EPA recognizes top performing buildings with the ENERGY STAR. Department of Energy, Energy Information Agency http://www.eia.doe.gov This website links to ETA's Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey. Print Media Electricity Used byOffice Equipment and Network Equipment in the U.S.: Detailed Report and Appendices, by Kawamoto, ICaoru, et al. (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, February20ot). ta nfienduse. IbLgov/Projects/Inforech.html and http:fieetd.lbl.gov/BENSF/GuideR.pdf. 13. Definitions Rated power is the nameplate power on a piece of equipment. It represents the capacity of the unit and is the maximum that it will draw. Receptacle (or plug) load is the current drawn by all equipment that is plugged into the electrical system. 182 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281721

ENHANCED COMMISSIONING Credit Points EA Credit 2 5 points Intent To verify and ensure that the tenant space is designed, constructed and calibrated to operate as intended. Requirements Implement, or have a contract in place to implement, the following additional commissioning process activities in addition to the requirements of EA Prerequisite 1: Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems: • Prior to the start of the construction documents phase, designate an independent commissioning authority (CxA) to lead, review and oversee the completion of all commissioning process activities. • The CxA must have documented commissioning authority experience in at least 2. building projects. • The individual serving as the CxA: - Must be independent of the work of design and construction; - Must not be an employee of the design firm, though he or she may be contracted through them; - Must not be an employee of, or contracted through, a contractor or construction manager holding construction contracts; - May be a qualified employee or consultant of the owner. • The CxA must report results, findings and recommendations directly to the owner. • The CxA must conduct, at a minimum, r commissioning design review of the owner's project requirements,basisofdesign and design documents prior tothe mid-construction documents phase and must back-check the review comments in the subsequent design submission. • The CxA must review contractor submittals applicable to systems being commissioned for compliance with the owner's project requirements and basis of design. This review must be concurrent with the reviews of the architect or engineer of record and submitted to the design team and the owner. • The CxA or other project team members must develop a systems manual that gives future operating staff the information needed to understand and optimally operate the project's commissioned systems. • The CxA or other project team members must verify that the requirements for training operating personnel and building occupants have been completed. • The CxA must be involved in reviewing the operation of the tenant space with operations and maintenance (=) staff and occupants within 8 to io months after substantial completion. A plan for resolving outstanding commissioning-related issues must be included. EA CREDIT 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 183 EFTA00281722

1 =1:111- CI Credit 2 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Facilities that do not perform as intended will consume significantly more resources over their lifetimes. Enhanced commissioning is a best practice in the building industry; it ensures that building performance requirements have been clearly and completely identified early in the project's construction, and it verifies that designed systems have been installed in compliance with those requirements. Economic Issues An effective commissioning process typically increases soft costs and may require additional scheduling for commissioning activities. This investment is generally recouped in improved design and construction coordination, fewer change orders, and reduced operating costs. Indoorairqualityandbuildingoccupants'cornfortmayhavetremendousimpactontheirproductivity, health, and well-being, as well as the cost of ownership. Commissioning can significantly reduce repairs, construction change orders, energy costs, and operations and maintenance i::=) costs. 2. Related Credits The commissioning effort can affect many performance-based features encouraged in the LEED for Commercial Interiors Rating System. Consider including the following features and systems in the commissioning effort: water efficiency and metering of plumbing fixtures, outdoor air delivery and monitoring, lighting, and thermal comfort systems. See Table t in EA Prerequisite 1 for a list of related credits. 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit 4. Implementation Relationship between Fundamental and Enhanced Commissioning LEED for Commercial Interiors addresses building commissioning in a places, EA Prerequisite 1, Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems, and EA Credit a, Enhanced Commissioning. For LEED design and construction projects, the scope of services for the commissioning authority (CxA) and project team should be based on the owner's project requirements. The commissioning process activities must address the commissioned systems noted in the EA Prerequisite t requirements. For commercial interior projects, the scope can vary greatly. Some may include only lighting systems; others may include all HVAC and servicewater systems aswell. EACredita requires that the commissioning authority be involved early in the process to help facilitate a commissioning design review and then a commissioning documentation review. As the project nears completion, enhanced commissioning requires oversight of staff training, a walk-through 8 to to months after completion, and the completion of a systems manual. 5. Timeline and Team See the Timeline and Team section in EA Prerequisite 1. 6. Calculations There are no calculations required for this credit. 184 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281723

7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Update the commissioning plan at milestones throughout the project. This should happen, at a minimum, during the design development phase, the construction documents phase, and just prior to the kick-off meeting with the general contractor. ■ Prepare a systems list that indicates which systems have been included within the scope of enhanced commissioning. ■ Confirm that the commissioning authority has documented experience on at least 2 building projects. ■ Create a written schedule of building operator trainings. ■ Retain a copy of the commissioning authority's design review, any designer responses to this review, and confirmation of the back-check. ■ Retain copies of the owner's project requirements, basis of design, commissioning specifications, commissioning report, and systems manual. 8. Examples There are no examples for this credit. 9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations Refer to the Regional Variations section in EA Prerequisite r. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Refer to the Operations and Maintenance section in EA Prerequisite t. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (httpWwww.usgbc.oreprojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. See the Resources section of EA Prerequisite t fora list of specific commissioning resources. 13. Definitions Basis of design includes design information necessary to accomplish the owner's project requirements, including system descriptions, indoor environmental quality criteria, design assumptions, and references to applicable codes, standards, regulations, and guidelines. Commissioning (Cx) is the process of verifying and documenting that the facility and all of its systems and assemblies are planned, designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained to meet the owner's project requirements. The commissioning plan is a document that outlines the organization, schedule, allocation of resources, and documentation requirements of the commissioning process. The commissioning process is a systematic quality-focused effort to ensure that building systems are designed, specified, procured, installed, and functioning in accordance with the owner's intent. EA CI Credit 2 2C09 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 185 EFTA00281724

EA CI Credit 2 The process uses planning, documentation, and verification of testing to review and oversee the activities of both designer and constructor. The commissioning report documents the commissioning process, including a commissioning program overview, identification of the commissioning team, and description ofthe commissioning process activities. Commissioning specification is the contract language used in the construction documents to detail the objective, scope, and implementation of the construction and acceptance phases of the commissioning process as developed in the design phase of the commissioning plan. This allows the construction contractor to ensure that these activities are considered in proposals for the construction work. The commissioning team includes those people responsible for working together to carry out the commissioning process. An installation inspection examines components of the building systems to determine whether they are installed properly and ready for systems performance testing. Owner's project requirements is a written document that details the ideas, concepts, and criteria that are determined by the owner to be important to the success of the project. Systems performance testing is the process ofdeterrnining the ability of commissioned systems to perform in accordance with the owner's project requirements, the basis of design, and construction documents. Verification is the range of checks and tests carried out to determine whether components, subsystems, systems, and interfaces between systems operate in accordance with the contract documents. 186 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281725

MEASUREMENT AND VERIFICATION CI Credit Points EA Credit 3 2-5 points Intent To provide for the ongoing accountability and optimization of tenant energy and water consumption performance over time. Requirements CASE 1. Projects Less Than 75% of the Total Building Area Completer or more of the following: • Install submetering equipment to measure and record energy use within the tenant space. (z points) • Negotiate a lease whereby energy costs are paid by the tenant and not included in the base rent. C3 points) Develop and implement a measurement and verification (=) plan that incorporates the monitoring information from the above end uses and is consistent with Option B, C or D of the zoot International Performance Measurement & Verification Protocol (IPMVP) Volume I: Concepts and Options for Determining Energy and Water Savings. Provide a process for corrective action if the results of the plan indicate that energy savings are not being achieved. OR CASE 2. Projects 75% or More of the Total Building Area Install continuous metering equipment for the following end uses: (5 points) • Lighting systems and controls. • Constant and variable motor loads. • Variable frequencydrive operation. • Chiller efficiency at variable loads (kW/ton). • Cooling load. • Air and water economizer and heat recovery cycles. • Air distribution static pressures and ventilation air volumes. • Boiler efficiencies. • Building-related process energy systems and equipment. • Indoor water riser and outdoor irrigation systems. Develop and implement a measurement and verification (=) plan that incorporates the monitoring information from the above end uses and is consistent with Option B, C or D of the zoot International Performance Measurement & Verification Protocol (IPMVP) Volume I: Concepts and Options for Determining Energy and Water Savings. Provide a process for corrective action if the results of the plan indicate that energy savings are not being achieved. EA CREDIT 3 2009 EDITION LEER REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 187 EFTA00281726

CI Credit 3 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Measurement and verification of a building's ongoing energy use optimize performance and minimize the economic and environmental impacts associated with its energy-using systems. Economic Issues The benefits of optimal tenant space operation, especially in terms of energy performance, are substantial. The lifetime of many buildings is longer than so years, and so even minor energy savings are significant when considered in aggregate. Potential long-term benefits often go unrealized because of maintenance personnel changes, aging of building equipment, and changing utility rate structures. Therefore, it is important to institute procedures and continuous monitoring to achieve and maintain optimal performance over the lifetime of tenant spaces. The goal of activities is to provide building owners and tenants with the tools and data necessary to identify systems that are not functioning as expected and thus optimize system performance. Buildings that institute effective practices report energy savings that are, on average, greater than similar buildings that do not The added cost to institute a rigorous program when retrofitting buildings with energy and water equipment is typically a very small percentage of the total retrofit cost. These additional first costs can be recouped within a few months of operation because of energy and water utility savings as well as reduced operations and maintenance costs. 2. Related Credits Implementation of a measurement and verification plan can help ensure accountability and contribute to realizing optimal energy performance. If system performance is the basis for the funding of the project (such as with energy performance contracts), the international protocol (see the Referenced Standards section) will likely be used for verification. can also help establish a baseline for ongoing green power purchases. Refer to the following: ■ EA Prerequisite a: Minimum Energy Performance ■ EA Credit I: Optimize Energy Performance ■ EA Credit 4: Green Power Commissioning often employs measurementdevices andcapabilitiesto track building performance. These same devices can also serve as the basis for a measurement and verification plan, especially if ongoing commissioning programs have been adopted by the tenant. See the following prerequisite and credit: ■ EA Prerequisite 1: Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems ■ EA Credit a: Enhanced Commissioning 3. Summary of Referenced Standards International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol Volume I, Concepts and Options for Determining Energy and Water Savings, effective 2001 httpWwww.evo-world.org The Efficiency Valuation Organization is a nonprofit organization whose vision is a global marketplace that properly values energy and water efficiency. IPMVPVolume I defines basic terminologyused in the measurementandverification field. It defines general procedures for achieving reliable and cost-effective determination of savings. Verification of actual savings is specific to each project. Volume I is written for general application in measuring and verifying the performance of projects that improve energy or water efficiency in buildings and industrial plants. 188 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281727

4. Implementation First consider how to approach the measurement and verification tasks. Consult IPMVP Volume I, Options B, C, and D, and consider the specific characteristics of the project to determine which approach is most suitable. All = plans compliant with Options B, C, or I) must meet the requirements identified in Table 1. Table 1. Measurement and Verification Plan Requirements Use standard IPMVP language and terminology. State which option and method from the document will be used. Indicate who will conduct the I M . State assumptions about significant variables or unknowns. Create an accurate baseline using techniques appropriate to the project. Describe the method of ensuring accurate energy savings determination. Define a postinstallation inspection plan. Specify criteria for equipment metering. calibration, and measurement period. Define the level of accuracy to be achieved for all major components. Indicate quality assurance measures. Describe the contents of reports to be prepared. along with a schedule. The steps to create an- plan are as follows: STEP 1. List All Measures to be Monitored and Verified Summarize any whole building or system-specific energy or water conservation measures that will be implemented in the project. STEP 2. Define the Baseline First, develop and define a baseline case. This baseline can range from the stipulation of specific baseline equipment to specifying whole-building compliance with energy codes or standards. Then, use analytical tools to estimate the associated performance of the baseline. It is sometimes appropriate to develop a baseline by deleting specific energy conservation measures or features from the energy-efficient building. This approach can be particularly useful for whole-building = with computer simulation methods (Option C). For retrofits, the baseline is the existing systems in place. Incorporating assumptions about energy and water unit costs, weather, utility distribution, system schedule, occupancy, or other factors. STEP 3. Estimate Projected Savings Computer-aided tools are used to estimate performance of the final design, which is subtracted from the baseline performance to find projected savings. Estimate energy consumption and associated cost reductions to be achieved on a monthly, measure-specific basis. The estimation process should also identify and, if possible, quantify factors that could affect the performance of both the baseline case and the design case. STEP 4. Define the General Approach Identify the specific IPMVP option for the project. Option B, directed at end-use measures, prescribes the minimum level of precision. Option C addresses whole-building- methods. The trend toward holistic building design is making Option C more common, but the relative suitability of each approach depends on the following: ■ =objectives and requirements of any related performance contracts. EA CI Credit 3 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 189 EFTA00281728

EA CI Credit 3 ■ Energy conservation measures and the degree of interaction among them and with other systems. ■ Practicality of measuring and verifying the energy conservation measures. STEP 5. Prepare a Project-Specific Plan Developing an effective and efficient plan for new buildings tends to be more involved than for retrofit projects because performance strategies are usually more complex and the technical issues more challenging. Technical analyses performed in support of design decisions during the building design process provide a starting point in defining the objectives and approach. The major elements of energy analyses are also usually the important factors in =. Energy analyses and projections should therefore be well documented and organized. considerations should influence certain design decisions, such as instrumentation and building systems organization. Identify any applicable data sources (utility bills, control system points and trending periods, portable metering), the method of data collection (including equipment calibration requirements, other quality assurance practices) and the identity of monitoring personnel. STEP 6. Verify Installation and Commissioning of Energy Conservation Measures and Strategies Installation and proper operation are verified through site inspections and a review of reports, such as the commissioning report and fluid or air test and balance reports. Anydeviations should be noted and addressed. STEP 7. Determine Savings Under Actual Postinstallation Conditions Virtually all performance projections are predicated on certain assumptions regarding operational conditions, such as occupancy and weather, that affect the baseline and design estimations. Work with the facility manager to make accurate projections. Deviations from the operational assumptions must be tracked by an appropriate mechanism (e.g., site survey or short- and/or long-term metering), and the baseline and design projections must be modified accordingly. The mechanical engineer or responsible party should describe any engineering calculations and/or software tools that will be used to process the data and project savings. This includes any stipulated variables or values to be used in the calculations, as well as baseline adjustment factors and regression analysis tools. STEP 8. Re-evaluate at Appropriate Intervals Ongoing performance of energy conservation measures and strategies and the associated savings mustbe reevaluated andverified at intervals so that significant deviations from projected performance can be corrected. The timeframe should be specified by the plan and related performance contract requirements. It is important to link the contractor's final paymentstodocumented= system performance. Make sure that the contractor provides all documentation in the final report. The contractor must also provide an ongoing system maintenance and operating plan in the building operations and maintenance manuals. STEP 9. Corrective Action Process The plan must specify a process for corrective action if the results of the plan indicate that energy savings are not being achieved. 190 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITH. EFTA00281729

CASE 1. Projects Less Than 75% of Total Building Area The intent is to encourage efficient operation of leased spaces through measurement and financial responsibility for the energy being used. Submetering Submetering measures a mechanical end use within a building. In a commercial office building that has a master electric meter, submeters enable individual tenant systems to know their actual consumption. For electrical service, the equipment and installation of submeters is not a major expense. In tests of commercial and residential situations, paying based on submetered use has resulted in conservation. The electricity used for lighting, plug loads, and HVAC equipment may be measured on a single meter and reported together. Natural gas, which may be used for both space heating and service water heating, can also be submetered. Fuel oil, district or distributed energy sources, steam, chilled water, other fuels, and process water must be submetered. Water used for the convenience of occupants does not need to be submetered. This includes restrooms, changing facilities, water fountains, break rooms, and janitorial uses (see Table a). Table 2. Submetering Requirements for Projects Less Than 75% of Total Building Area Functice Typical Energy Sources Submetering Requirements Lighting Electric Yes Plug loads Electric Yes Heating Fuels Electric Steam Hot Water Submetering is required unless included in prorated building payment for a central plant serving multiple tenants. Cooling Electric Fuels Chilled Water Service water Water No Process uses Water Electric Fuels Yes Payment Projects can qualify for points under this credit by negotiating a lease whereby energy costs are paid by the tenant and not included in the base rent. The lease cannot be a "gross" lease, in which 1 payment covers everything. The most direct way to satisfy both requirements for the credit is separate metering and payments to the utility. The tenant's payment must be based on actual consumption, even if costs have been prorated by the size of the tenant space or occupancy count The typical approach, in which the landlord prorates the utilities based on the tenant's portion of the total leasable area, meets the credit requirement. Flat rates set by the landlord at the time of lease negotiation do not satisfy the requirement. The tenant's payments must be a proration of the true quantities used, and the landlord needs to give the tenant this information and keep a written record. Periodic adjustments to tenant payments and rates are acceptable as long as the adjustments reflect true consumption. CASE 2. Projects 75% or More of Total Building Area This credit requires development and implementation of a measurement and verification EA CI Credit 3 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 191 EFTA00281730

EA CI Credit 3 plan that incorporates the monitoring information from various end uses and is consistent with Option B, C, or D of IPMVP Volume I, Concepts and Options for Determining Energy and Water Saving, zoos. For projects pursuing Case a, the following end uses must be monitored: ■ Lighting systems and controls. ■ Constant and variable motor loads. ■ Variable frequency drive operation. ■ Chiller efficiency at variable loads (kWIton). ■ Cooling load. ■ Air and water economizer and heat recovery cycles. ■ Air distribution static pressures and ventilation air volumes. ■ Boiler efficiencies. ■ Building-related process energy systems and equipment. s Indoor water riser and outdoor irrigation system. The referenced standard describes a methodologyto ensure that the design team consistently addresses the basic aspects of energy and water efficiency performance: ■ Accurate cataloging of baseline conditions. ■ Verification of the complete installation and proper operation of new equipment and systems specified in the contract documents. ■ Confirmation of the quantity of energy and water savings, as well as energy and water cost savings, that occur during the period of analysis. The 3 options that projects can use to satisfy the credit requirements are listed in Table 3, in order of increasing rigor. The appropriate level for a particular project depends on such project specifics as scope, the building owner's interest in M, and contractual relationships of the design team. IPMVP's Option A does not satisfy the credit. Options B, C, and D satisfy the credit requirements when implemented correctly. Compliance with the credit requirements can be demonstrated through engineering calculations, operational estimates, and utility meter billing analysis, or through more rigorous statistical sampling, metering and monitoring, and computer simulations. All the options in the referenced standard require the design team to specify equipment for installation in the building systems to allow for comparison, management, and optimization of actual versus estimated energy and water performance. The mechanical engineer in particular should take advantage of the building automation systems to perform - functions where applicable. Elements of the plan that are required to comply with the requirements of this credit are listed in Tablet. Retrofits Use of Option B in retrofits is appropriate when the end-use capacity, demand, or power level of the baseline can be measured and the energy or water consumption of the equipment or subsystem will be measured over time. This option can involve continuous measurement of energy or water use (both before and after the retrofit for the specific equipment), or it can involve measurements for a limited period of 192 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281731

time necessary to determine the retrofit savings. Portable monitoring equipment maybe installed for a period of time or continuously to measure in situ, baseline, and postinstallation consumption. Periodic inspection of the equipment is recommended. Energy or water consumption is then calculated by developing statistical models of the end-use capacity. Table 3. Options for New and Renovation Construction Projects M & V Option Option Description Savings Calculations Cost S Savings are determined after project completion by short-term or continuous measurements taken throughout term of the contract at the device or system level. Both performance and operations factors are monitored. Engineering calculations using metered data. Typically 3-10% of project construction cost. dependent on number and type of systems measured an the term of analysisfmetering C After project completion, savings are determined at "whole-building" or facility level using current-yew and historical utility meter (gas or electricity) or submeter data. Analysis of utility meter (or submeter) data using techniques from simple comparison with multivariate (hourly or monthly) regression analysis. Typically 1-10% of project construction cost. dependent on number and complexity of parameters in analysis D Savings are determined through simulation of facility components ander the whole facility. Calibrate energy simulation and modeling; calibrated with hourly or monthly utility billing data and/or end-use metering. Typically 3-10% of project construction cost. dependent on number and complexity of systems evaluated. 5. Timeline and Team The owner should decide whether to pursue = as early as possible in the project. Successful implementation of = requires careful coordination between design team members (architect, mechanical engineer,electrical engineer,and lightingdesigner, amongothers) and is greatly assisted by early identification of the systems that will be monitored so that appropriate metering equipment can be included in the initial designs and does not have to be added in later, at greater cost. During the design phase, the project team should incorporate the necessary metering equipment into their designs. Also at this time, the- plan should developed and, at a minimum, identify the parry or patties responsible for implementation. 6. Calculations I PMVP, Volume I, provides fundamental calculation formulas as well as quantitative guidelines for error estimation and tolerance for various- options. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • Develop an IPMVP-compliant measurement and verification plan, conforming to Option B, C, or D. EA CI Credit 3 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 193 EFTA00281732

EA CI Credit 3 • For projects with an area less than 75% of the total building area, assemble documentation (e.g., lease agreements, utility bills) demonstrating that the tenant energy costs are paid by the tenant. • Summarize the installed monitoring systems in the tenant space, demonstrating that, at a minimum, the required systems are monitored. 8. Examples There are no examples for this credit. 9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations There are no regional variations in the- methods, but the type of energy conservation measures employed does depend on climate. For example, optimization of heating systems optimization will be more critical in northern regions, and optimization of air-conditioning systems will be more important in the South.VariousMtechniques maybecome more popular in agiven region because of the typical projects employing them. However, IPMVP is based on industry best practices, and the fundamentals of apply to all projects. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Consider submetering major energy end uses in tenant spaces to help operators identify any deviations from expected consumption. Ensure that building operators are given the original and recalibrated energy use models so that they can identify unusual or unexpected consumption patterns. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (httpWwww.usgbc.org(p_rojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites ENERGY STAR* httpq ENERGYSTARisagovemment-industrypartnershipmanagedbytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy. The program's website offers energy management strategies, benchmarking software tools for buildings, product procurement guidelines, and lists of ENERGY STAR-qualified products and buildings. International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol httpWwww.evo-world.org The IPMVP presents internationally developed best-practice techniques for verifying results of energy efficiency, water efficiency, and renewable energy projects in commercial and industrial facilities. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Measurement and Verification Documents httpattRuateam.lbl.govfmv This website provides list of resources ranging from implementation guidelines to hands-on checklists. 194 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281733

13. Definitions Energy conservation measures are installations or modifications of equipment or systems intended to reduce energy use and costs. Submetering is used to determine the proportion of energy use within a building attributable to specific end uses or subsystems (e.g., the heating subsystem of an HVAC system). EA CI Credit 3 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 195 EFTA00281734

196 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281735

GREEN POWER Credit EA Credit 4 Points 5 points Intent To encourage the development and use of grid-source, renewable energy technologies on a net zero pollution basis. Requirements OPTION 1 Engage in at least a 2.-year renewable energy contract to provide at least 50%ofthe building's electricityfrom renewable sources,asdefinedbytheCenterforResourceSolutions'Green-e energy product certification requirements. MI purchases of green power must be based on the quantity of energy consumed, not the cost, as determined by the annual electricity consumption results of EA Credit t, Optimize Energy Performance. OR OPTION 2 Engage in at least a 2-year renewable energy contract to purchase at least 8 kilowatt hours per square foot per year from renewable electricity sources as defined by the Center for Resource Solutions (CRS) Green-e Energy's product certification requirements. MI purchases of green power must be based on the quantity of energy consumed, not the cost. EA CREDIT 4 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 197 EFTA00281736

CI Credit 4 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Energy production from traditional sources (such as coal, natural gas, and other fossil fuels) is a significant contributor to air pollution in the United States, releasing such pollutants as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and carbon dioxide. These pollutants are primary contributors to acid rain, smog,and climate change.Along with other associated pollutants, theyhave widespread and adverse effects on human health, especially respiratory health. Green electricity products reduce the air pollution impacts of electricity generation by relying on renewable energy sources such as solar, water, wind, biomass, and geothermal sources. In addition, the use of ecologically responsive energy sources avoids reliance on nuclear power and large- scale hydropower, which have their own drawbacks—security and environmental issues related to nuclear waste reprocessing, transportation, and storage, and alteration of aquatic habitats in the case of hydroelectric dams. Deregulated energy markets have enabled hydroelectric generators to market their electricity in areas unaffected by the dams' regional impacts. The overall environmental benefit of renewable energy depends on the source of energy and the process by which it is extracted. For example, using biomass can reduce the estimated 136 million tons of woody construction, demolition, and land clearing waste sent annually to landfills,, ` but if these wastes are not processed properly, their combustion could result in harmful air quality. Although green electricity is not entirely benign, it significantly lessens the negative environmental impacts of power generation. Using renewable energy generated either on-site or off-site is an excellent way for owners to reduce the negative environmental impacts on air and water associated with a building's energy requirements. While acknowledging the difficulty of identifying the exact source of green energy in every region, this credit requires that the renewable energy used for the building and its site be certified as green by the Green-e program or its equivalent. The program was established by the Center for Resource Solutions to promote green electricity and provide consumers with a rigorous and nationally recognized method to identifygreen electricity products. Economic Issues Green power products may cost somewhat more than conventional energy products but are derived, in part, from renewable energy sources with stable energy costs. As the green power market matures and environmental costs are factored into the pricing of conventional fuels, renewable energy is expected to become less expensive. Typically, programs are structured such that utility customers can choose the portion of their electricity delivered from renewable sources. In these cases, a premium maybe added to the monthlyutility bill. Although the source of the green power is different from traditional sources, it reaches end users via the established grid distribution system, and thus project teams can implement green power programs, even in the postdesign phase, with very few design changes and, consequently, fewer maintenance costs. Find out whether the local government sponsors any incentive program or tax benefit for using renewable energy, particularly for the type of renewable energy planned for a project. The Database for State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE: http:fiwww.dsireusa.orga is good source of information on federal and state programs supporting the use of renewable energy. 2. Related Credits Replacing conventional energy sources with renewable energy sources works synergistically with efforts to reduce energy costs. Refer to the following credit: ■ EA Credit I: Optimize Energy Performance 198 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281737

3. Summary of Referenced Standards Center for Resource Solutions, Green-e Renewable Electricity Certification Program http://ww.green-e.org (888) 6M-7336 Green-e Energy is a voluntary certification and verification program for renewable energy products. Green-e certifies products that meet environmental and consumer protection standards developed in conjunction with environmental, energy, and policy organizations. Sellers of Green-e-certified energy must disclose clear and useful information to customers. Three types of renewable energy options are eligible for Green-e certification: renewable energy certificates, utility green-pricing programs, and competitive electricity products. The Green-e standard that went into effect on January 1, 2007, supersedes previous regional and product-specific criteria. Products exhibiting the Green-e logo are greener and cleaner than the average retail electricity product sold in that particular region. To be eligible for the Green-e logo, companies must meet certain criteria. The first criterion is the inclusion of qualified sources of renewable energy content such as solar electric, wind, geothermal, biomass, and small or certified low-impact hydro facilities. Other criteria are the inclusion of new renewable energy content (to support new generation capacity); compliance with emissions regulations for the nonrenewable portion of the energy product; and the absence of nuclear power. Companies must also meet other criteria regarding renewable portfolio standards. Criteria are often specific to a state or region of the United States. Refer to the standard for more details. 4. Implementation Renewable energy calculated for this credit must be Green-e certified or equivalent. This means that eligible renewable energy sources must meet the requirements detailed in the current version of the Green-e standard and come from a supplier that has undergone an independent, third-party verification that the standard has been met. The third-partyverification process must be as rigorous as that used in the Green-e certification process, and it must be performed annually. There are 3 approaches for achieving this credit. 1. In a state with an open electricity market, tenants may be able to select a Green-e-certified power provider. Investigate green power and power markets licensed to provide power in the state and secure a 2-year contract for the credit-required green power purchase from a Green- e-certified provider. 2. In a state with a closed electricity market, the governing utility company may have a Green-e- accredited utility program. In this case, enroll the project in the renewable power program for the credit required green power purchase. Typically, programs are structured such that utility customers can choose how much oftheir electricity will be delivered from renewable sources; a premium may be added to the monthly utility bill. Commit to a 2-year enrollment period or use other strategies to accumulate 2 years' worth of renewable energy for the desired portion of total annual energy use. If the utility does not offer 2-year enrollment options, submit a letter of commitment to stay enrolled in the program for the required period. 3. If Green-e-certified power cannot be purchased through a local utility, the tenant and project team can purchase Green-e-accredited renewable energy certificates (RECs). In this case, purchase a quantity of RECs equal to the credit required green power purchase over a 2-year period, either all at once or in contracted installments. These RECs, or "green-tags," compensate Green-e generators for the premium of production over the market rate they sell to the grid. Purchasing Green-e RECs will not affect the cost or procurement of the electricity from the local electrical utility. EA CI Credit 4 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 199 EFTA00281738

EA CI Credit 4 Establishing Green-e Equivalency If renewable energy is not Green-e certified, establish that it is equivalent for the 2 major criteria for Green-e certification: (t) the energy source meets the requirements for renewable resources detailed in the current version of the Green-e standard, and (2) the renewable energy supplier has undergone an independent, third-party verification that the standard has been met. The current version of the standard is available on the Green-e website (http_Wwww.green-e.org). The third- party verification process must be as rigorous as that used in the Green-e certification process, and it must be performed annually. Retention of Renewable Energy Environmental Attributes For renewable energy coming from both on-site and off-site sources, the associated environmental attributes must be retained or retired; they cannot be sold. Centralized Approach (When Tenant Purchases Electricity from Building Owner) A campus facility that produces renewable power to Green-e standards may supply other buildings on the same or a different campus through a private agreement. Renewable power maybe purchased or produced on a centralized basis, and credit can be allocated to a specific project. For example, if RECs are purchased at the office park level, the owner of the RECs can apportion any part of that purchase to the project interior. To prevent double-counting, this same renewable energy must be retained on behalf of the project currently pursuing LEED certification. 5. Timeline and Team Green power can be incorporated into the project at any time prior to submission for certification review. Once the annual energy use of the project is known (based on actual consumption), has been estimated (through tenant space energy simulation), or calculated using the default values, purchase green power in the qualifying amounts. 6. Calculations Use t of 3 methods to calculate the amount of electrical energy that must be obtained from qualifying providers to achieve compliance with this credit. 1. Design Energy Cost The first method is based on the design case annual electricity consumption, which the project team may have calculated as part of compliance with EA Credit t.3. See EA Credit 1.3 for information regarding calculation of the design energy cost. Sample Calculation Based on Design Energy Cost The annual electricity consumption of a project has been determined to be 100,000 kWh. The minimum green power purchase (measured in kWh) is calculated in Equation 1. Equation 1. Required Green Power Quantity Project = ' 100.000 kWh Required Required 100,000 Electricity X TThreshold X DuDuration CkWhtyr) X 50% X 2 yrs = Minimum Green Consumption Power Purchase 2. Actual Consumption Project teams with a record of a full year's electricity consumption may use so% of the actual electricity use (in kWh) from the utility bills. If the separation of regulated and nonregulated electricity loads is impractical or impossible, use the default electricity consumption calculation methodology, described below. 200 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281739

3. Default Electricity Consumption If an energy model was not performed in EA Credit 1, use 8 kilowatt-hours per square foot per year times the area of the project. In the example, 16 kilowatt-hours per square foot would have to be purchased over a years. This default is based on Department of Energy's Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey data. Sample Calculation Based on Default Electricity Consumption The annual electricity consumption of a project area is 10,000 square feet. The minimum green power purchase is calculated in Equation 2. Equation 2. Green Power Amount Using Default Electricity Consumption 160,000 kWh Project Required Required 8 (kWh/ X X = 10,000 (st) X X 2 yrs = Minimum Green Area Threshold Duration sf/yr) Power Purchase 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • Maintain contractual documentation of the purchase of Green-e (or equivalent) certified renewable energy. • If the certified renewable energy is purchased for the project by others, maintain documentation indicating that the renewable energy was retained on behalf of the project. 8. Examples The project area is the third floor of a too,000-square-foot commercial office building and measures 20,000 square feet. The tenant space is served by a single, common HVAC system supplying the entire building, certified LEED for Core & Shell Gold, and the design team modeled energy use with a DOE-2. simulation. The owner also has installed an on-site renewable energy source that will reduce the minimum amount of Green-e power that must be purchased. The values in Table t are from the modeling. Table 1. Regulated Electrical Use in 100,000 sf Modeled Building Segment Regulated Electrical End Uses Design Energy Not Costs (kWh) Lighting 160.200 Space Cooling 240,300 Fans/Pumps 120,150 Other 'regulated' electrical compoeneMs 20,000 (DEC) 540,650 Renewable Energy Equivalent - 65.641 Net Regulated Electrical Useage (DEC') 475,009 EA CI Credit 4 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 201 EFTA00281740

EA CI Credit 4 Equation 1: Determination of Annual Green Power Contract Amount Using Design Energy Cost Annual Green Power Contract = 50% x Tenant Area ) X DEC• Building Area = 50% x 20.000 ft, ) X 475.009 kWh 100000 ft' Annual Green Power Contract = 47.501 kWh Equation 2: Determination of Annual Green Power Contract Amount Using Office Occupancy Default Annual Green Power Contract = Tenant Area X 8 kWh/yr-ft, = 20,000 ft' X 8 kWh/yr-ft, Annual Green Power Contract = 160,000 kWh 9. Exemplary Performance Project teams may earn an Innovation in Design point for exemplary performance by meeting t00% of the calculated annual use (or a default of 16 kWh per square foot per year) through contracted green power. 10. Regional Variations An off-site energy source that is close to the building site is likely to be more cost-effective because its proximity avoids losses in energy over the grid. Information on availability ofgreen power in each state is available at U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy website. Although energy efficiency is universally important, it is crucial in regions where coal is used to generate electricity. It is also particularly important to reduce peak energy use because units brought online to meet peak demand tend to be the greatest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Replacing fossil fuel with renewable energy for generating electricity during peak periods delivers the greatest benefits in reducing the marginal emissions. Currently, some states do not subsidize renewable energy; others do not offer tax rebates for investing in energy efficiency. However, these policies may change as states adopt programs and new measures are put into place, making research to determine the regional importance of credits in the context of local policy very complex. The fact that green power can be sourced from a region where incentives are provided but used in a region where it is not supported by local policy makes the issue even more complicated. The Database for State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE: http://www.dsireusa.org0 is a good source of information on federal and state programs supporting the use of renewable energy. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations To facilitate the continued purchase of green power beyond the 2.-year contract period,give building operators the details of the original green power contract. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.usgbc.org(projecttoob) for additional resources and technical information. 202 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281741

Websites Center for Resource Solutions, Green-e Program http://www.green-e.org See the Referenced Standards section for more information. North Carolina Solar Center, Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy http://wmv.dsireusa.org This database collects information on state financial and regulatory incentives (e.g., tax credits, grants, and special utility rates) to promote the application of renewable energy technologies. The database details the incentives on a state-by-state basis. Union of Concerned Scientists, Clean Energy http:Uwww.ucsusa.orgiclean_energy This independent nonprofit analyzes and advocates energy solutions that are environmentally and economically sustainable . The site provides news and information on research and public policy. U.S. Department of Energy, Green Power Network http://wneere.enerzyguyigreenpower The Green Power Network provides news and information on green power markets and related activities.lt contains up-to-date information on green powerproviders,productofferings,consumer issues, and in-depth analyses of issues and policies affecting green power markets. The website is maintained by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory for the Department of Energy. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy—Green Power http://appq.eere.energy.govigreenpoweribuyingibuying_powershtml This website offers information on the availability of green power in the United States in each state. The results includegreenutilitypricingprograms,retailgreen power productsoffered incompetitive electricity markets, and renewable energy certificate products sold separately from electricity. U.S. EPA, Green Power Partnership http://www.e goapower EPA's Green Power Partnership provides assistance and recognition to organizations that demonstrate environmental leadership by choosing green power. It includes a buyers guide with lists of providers of green power in each state. 13. Definitions Biofuel-based systems are power systems that run on renewable fuels derived from organic materials, such as wood by-products and agricultural waste. Examples of biofuels include untreated wood waste, agricultural crops and residues, animal waste, other organic waste, and landfill gas. Biomass is plant material from trees, grasses, or crops that can be converted to heat energy to produce electricity. Geothermal energy is electricity generated by converting hot water or steam from within the earth into electrical power. Geothermal heating systems use pipes to transfer heat from underground steam or hot water for heating, cooling, and hot water. The system retrieves heat during cool months and returns heat in summer months. Green power is synonymous with renewable energy. Hydropower is electricity produced from the downhill flow of water from rivers or lakes. Photovoltaic (PV) energy is electricity from photovoltaic cells that convert the energy in sunlight into electricity. EA CI Credit 4 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 203 EFTA00281742

EA CI Credit 4 Renewable energy comes from sources that are not depleted by use. Examples include energy from the sun, wind, and small (low-impact) hydropower, plus geothermal energy and wave and tidal systems. Ways to capture energy from the sun include photovoltaic, solar thermal, and bioenergy systems based on wood waste, agricultural crops or residue, animal and other organic waste, or landfill gas. Renewable energy certificates (RECs) are tradable commodities representing proof that a unit of electricity was generated from a renewable energy resource. RECs are sold separately from electricity itself and thus allow the purchase of green power by a user of conventionally generated electricity. Solar thermal systems collect or absorb sunlight via solar collectors to heat water that is then circulated to the building's hot water tank. Solar thermal systems can be used to warm swimming pools or heat water for residential and commercial use. Wave and tidal power systems capture energy from waves and the diurnal flux of tidal power, respectively. The captured energy is commonly used for desalination,water pumping, and electricity generation. Wind energy is electricity generated by wind turbines. Endnotes .rtment of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. "Table 1.1.1 U.S. 1:.c,iklential and Commercial Buildings Total Primary Energy Consumption (Quadrillion Btu and Percent of Total), 2006." 2008 Buildings Energy Data Book. 2008. http://buildingsdatabook.eren. doe.gov (accessed November 20(38). Ibid. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Clean Energy: Air Emissions." http://www.epa.gov/ cleanenergyienergy-and-youfaffectiair-emissions.html (accessed November2008). 4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation. "Six Common Air Pollutants: 502: What is it? Where does it come from?". http://www.epa.goviairfurbanairiso2/whati.html (accessed November 2008). 5 Chen, Allan. "New Commercial Buildings Energy Efficiency Program Launched." Berkeley Lab, (August 24, 2000). http://www.lbl.goviScience-Articles/Archive/combldg-energy.html. 6 BOMA International. "BEEP'S Quick Facts." BOMA Energy Efficiency Program. http://www.boma. orefrainingAndEducation/BEEP/ (accessed November 2008). Architecture 2030. "The Building Sector: A Hidden Culprit." http://wmv.architecture2030.orgi current_situationibuilding sector.html (accessed November 2008). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "ENERGY STAR'' Home Improvement Tips." http://www. energystargovfindex.cfin?c=home_improvementhi_tips (accessed November 2008). 9 Puget Sound Energy. Efficiency Programs and Rebates. Retrieved May 2008. solutionsiforbusiness/pageskustomGrants.aspx?tab=18<chapter=2. ,c, Architecture 2030. "The Building Sector: A Hidden Culprit." http://wmv.architecture2030.orgi current situationlbuilding sector.html (accessed November2008). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Facts About Energy Use in Commercial and Industrial Facilities." http://wwsv.energystar.govjindex.cfm?c=leam_more.fast_facts (accessed November 2008). Ibid. '3 ENERGY STAR Factoid Worksheet for 2008. 204 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281743

It 'S U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "ENERGY STAR Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs." http://www.energarstar.gov/index.cfm?c=cfls.pr cfis (accessed November 2008). Energy Information Administration. 2003. "2003 CBECS Detailed Tables." http:J/www. eia.doe.gov/emeukbecskbecs2003/detailed_tables 2003/detailed tables 2003. html?featureclicked=i8c#enduseo3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "ENERGY STAR Office Equipment." http://www. enerastar.gov/index.cfm?c=ofc equip.pr office equipment 2007 CCAP update for Factoid Workbook and ENERGY STAR Factoid Worksheet for 2008. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. "Wastes—Resource Conservation—Reduce, Reuse, Recycle—Construction and Demolition Materials." http:/Jwww. epa.gov/osw/conserve/nr/imr/cdm/ (accessed November 13, 2008). EA 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 205 EFTA00281744

206 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281745

NEES5 f\RIE RESORCES Overview Buildingoperationsgenerate a large amount ofwasteon adailybasis.Meetingthe LEED Materialsand Resources (MR) credits can reduce the quantity ofwaste while improving the building environment through the use of sustainable materials. The credits in this section focus on 2 main issues: the environmental impact of materials brought into the project building, and the minimization of landfill and incinerator disposal for materials that leave the project building. This credit category addresses the environmental concerns related to materials selection, waste disposal, and waste reduction. The Commercial Interiors Materials and Resources prerequisites and credits promote the following measures: Selecting Sustainable Materials Materials selection plays a significantrolein sustainablebuildingdesignandconstruction. Duringthe life cycle of a material, its extraction, processing, transportation, use, and disposal can have negative environmental consequences, polluting water and air, destroying native habitats, and depleting natural resources. Environmentally responsible materials selection can significantly reduce these impacts. Project teams should consider the relative environmental, social, and health benefits of the available choices when specifying materials and furniture. For example, the purchase of products containing recycled content expands markets for recycled materials, slows the consumption of raw materials, and reduces the amount of waste entering landfills. When selecting materials, evaluate new and different sources. Salvaged materials can be substituted for new materials, saving costs and adding character to the building. Recycled-content materials reuse waste products that would otherwise be deposited in landfills. Using local materials supports the local economy while reducing transportation costs and emissions. The use of rapidly renewable materials minimizes natural resource consumption. Using third-party-certified wood improves the stewardship of forests and related ecosystems. Because materials, particularly furniture and furnishings, are such a major portion of a commercial interior project, there is considerable opportunity to make a positive impact. Practicing Waste Reduction In 2006, U.S. residents, businesses, and institutions produced more than 251 million tons of solid waste, a 65% increase since 1980. That amount is roughly equivalent to 4.6 pounds per person per day, a 2596 increase since 1980.' A long-term lease reduces redundant development and the associated environmental impact of producing and delivering new materials. Construction waste disposal through landfilling or incineration contributes significantly to the negative environmental impacts of a build-out. Construction and demolition wastes constitute about 40% of the total solid waste stream in the United States. In its solid waste management hierarchy, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ranks source reduction, reuse, and recycling as the 3 preferred strategies for reducing waste.' Source reduction appears at the top of EPA's hierarchy because it reduces environmental impacts throughout the material's life cycle, from the supply chain and use to recycling and waste disposal. Reuse of materials is ranked second because the reused materials are diverted from the waste stream and substitute for other materials with greater environmental impacts. Recycling does not have all the same benefits as source reduction and reuse, but it diverts waste from landfills and incinerators, and reduces the need for virgin materials. MR OVERVIEW 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 207 EFTA00281746

MR OVERVIEW Reducing the amount of waste disposed in landfills or incinerators is an important component of a sustainable construction waste management plan. A plan for managing construction waste requires contractors to establish a system for tracking waste generation and disposal during construction. Reusing components from existing buildings, versus building new interior components, is one of the most effective strategies for minimizing environmental damage. When rehabilitating components from existing buildings is included in the strategy, waste can be reduced and diverted from landfills. An effective way to use salvaged interior components is to specify them in the construction documents. Recycling construction, demolition, and land-clearing debris reduces demand for virgin resources. Recycling this material has the potential to reduce the environmental and health burdens associated with resource extraction, processing, and transportation. Debris recycling also reduces dependence on landfills, which may contaminate groundwater and encroach upon valuable open space. In addition, it lessens disposal in incinerators, which may contaminate groundwater and pollute the air. Effective construction waste management can extend the life of odsting landfills, which in turn reduces the need to expand or develop new landfill sites. Many public and private waste management operations have reduced construction debris volumes through recycling. Recovery typically begins on the job site, with separation of debris into bins or disposal areas. Some regions have access to mixed-waste processing facilities. EPA reports that in 2007 in the United States,there were 34 mixed-waste processing facilities handling about 43 millions tons of waste per days Over the past few decades, recycling has increased in the United States. In 1960, only 64% of U.S. waste was recycled. By 2006, the amount had climbed to 32.5%4 Curbside recycling is now standard in many communities, and recycling facilities are available throughout the nation. In addition, many businesses, nonprofit organizations, and manufacturers have successful recycling programs that divert a wide range of materials from the waste stream. Recycling diverts items from the waste stream and provides materials for new products that would othenvise be manufactured from virgin materials. It avoids the extraction of raw materials and preserves landfill space. Recycling certain products, such as batteries and fluorescent lights, prevents toxic materials from polluting the air and groundwater. Recycling and reuse can also save money. Effective waste management benefits organizations by reducing the cost ofwaste disposal and generating revenue from recycling or resale proceeds. Division 12, Furniture Regardless of who specifies or provides them, all furniture and furnishings in the project should be included in calculations for LEED for Commercial Interiors. Unlike in other LEED rating systems, project teams do not have the option to exclude certain materials (exception: MR Credit 3.0. For Materials and Resources credits, filmiture and furnishings are defined as those materials included in CSI MasterFormat" Division 12. SeeTable 1 for the specific creditswhere they are included. Because the value of these materials can be significant,the design and construction team should work closely with the facility manager, interior designer, furniture dealership, and installers from the outset. No Default Value Because of the variability of project scopes, the LEED for Commercial Interiors Rating System does not have an automatic default relationship between materials costs and the total construction cost. 208 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281747

Summary A sustainable commercial interiors project requires strategies for construction, materials selection, MR OVERVIEW and waste management. The Materials and Resources prerequisites and credits set the foundation for effective materials selection strategies. Construction waste management, in conjunction with materials selection that reduces waste and specifies less harmful materials and furniture, can effectively reduce a building's overall impact on the environment. Credit Turning Design team members make most ofthe decisions needed to successfullyearn LEED for Commercial Interiors credits. Contractors and suppliers should participate in determining the actual values and ensuring compliance. Only in t credit, MR Credit t.t, Tenant Space—Long-Term Commitment, has the decision already been made before the start of the design. The configuration of the space selected has a major influenceonearningMRCredits 1.2: Building Reuse—Maintainaor60%of InteriorNonstructural Components. To improve the possibilities for earning credits, select a space that closely matches the design intent with minimal construction. Table 1. Units of Measurement for Materials and Resources Credits Material MRc1.2 Building Reuse MRc2 Construction Waste Management' MRc3.1 Material Reuse MRc3.2 Material Reuse— Furniture MRc4 Recycled Content MRc5 Regional Materials MRc5 Extracted and Manufactured Regionally MRc6 Rapidly Renewable Materials MRc7 Certified Wood Mechanical X Either Pounds or Cubic Feet but Conisistent Throughout Replacement Value ($) X Cost New ($) - Excludes Salvaged and Refurbished Materials counted in MRc3 Cost New IS) x Cost New IS) x Cost New ($) x Cost New ($) - Identify all wool-based materials, then exclude salvaged and refurbished material and postconsumer recycled wood fiber or portion of any products Electrical X X Ceiling SF X Floors SF X Walls SF X Doors SF X Case Goods SF X Windows SF X All Other Construction X X Materials Furniture and Furnishings X Rackeemon (CSI Division nu Yalta Ill I Do not include hazardous waste and excavated soil in PARc2 calculations. 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 209 EFTA00281748

MR OVERVIEW Calculating Materials Costs to Achieve MR Credits Project teams are encouraged to determine the actual total materials cost (excluding labor and equipment) from Construction Specification Institute (CSI) MasterFormar Divisions 3-10, 31 (section 31.60.00 Foundations) and 32 (sections 32.10.00 Paving, 32.30.00 Site Improvements, and 32.90.00 Planting). Tablet contains guidance regarding specification sections included in the cost calculation. CREDIT TITLE MR Prerequisite 1 MR Credit 1.1 MR Credit 1.2 MR Credit 2 MR Credit 3.1 MR Credit 3.2 MR Credit 4 MR Credit 5 MR Credit 6 MR Credit 7 Storage and Collection of Recyclables Tenant Space—Long•Term Commitment Building Reuse—Maintain Interior Nonstructural Components Construction Waste Management Materials Reuse Materials Reuse—Furniture and Furnishings Recycled Content Regional Materials Rapidly Renewable Materials Certified Wood 210 LLEU REF LRENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281749

STORAGE AND COLLECTION OF RECYCLABLES Prerequisite MR Prerequisite 1 Points Required Intent To facilitate the reduction of waste generated by building occupants that is hauled to and disposed of in landfills. Requirements Provide an easily accessible dedicated area or areas for the collection and storage of materials for recycling for the tenant space. Materials must include at a minimum paper, corrugated cardboard, glass, plastics, and metals. MR PREREQUISITE 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 211 EFTA00281750

MR CI Prerequisite 1 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues By creating convenient recycling opportunities for all building occupants, a significant portion of the solid waste stream can be diverted from landfills. Recycling of paper, metals, glass, cardboard, and plastics reduces the need to extract virgin natural resources. For example, recycling 1 ton of paper prevents the processing of 17 trees and saves 3 cubic yards of landfill space.5 Recycled aluminum requires only 5% of the energy required to produce virgin aluminum from bauxite, its raw material form.' Diverting waste from landfills can help minimize land, water, and air pollution. An occupant education program that addresses the environmental and financial benefits of recycling can encourage occupants to participate in preserving the environment. Economic Issues Recycling infrastructure, such as storage areas and bins, may add to project costs and take up floor area needed for other purposes. However, recycling offers significant savings on landfill disposal costs or tipping fees. In larger projects, processing equipment (can crushers, cardboard balers) can minimize the space required for recycling activities. Some recyclables can generate revenue that offsets collection and processing costs. Many communities sponsor and promote recycling programs to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills. Community recycling efforts return valuable resources to local production processes and may spur increases in employment in the recycling industry. Community-wide participation results in higher recycling rates and, in turn, more stable markets for recycled materials. 2. Related Credits Selecting a location within a LEED-certified building can help projects achieve certification under LEED for Commercial Interiors because a LEED-certified building will have committed to establishing a building recycling program and centralized collection and storage areas. Project teams seeking an Innovation in Design credit for educational outreach can create signage and displays to inform building occupants and visitors about on-site recycling. 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this prerequisite. 4. Implementation When selecting a building, determine what recycling and reuse services are available in the region. Identify local waste handlers to determine the extent of services available; often these handlers will help set up the recycling program. The Resources section includes helpful links to local and regional recycling opportunities. For a project located within a leased facility, determine what services are offered by the building owner. If there is a building-wide recycling program, confirm that the program meets the requirements of this prerequisite. Identify easily accessible collection and storage areas within the building that meet the recycling needs of the occupants. Recycling collection points should be appropriately sized and conveniently located and should include signage todiscouragecontamination. Ifthe building's commoncollection area is not large enough to handle the full building occupancy, tenants will need to have their own dedicated and secure spaces. Projects that occupy less than a full building do not need to provide an outdoor collection area if a common collection area exists or if the materials hauler or landlord makes pickups within the tenant space. 212 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281751

In dense urban areas, finding additional space for collection and storage may be costly or even increase the project footprint. For a commercial interior project in a LEED-certified building, adequate storage and collection of recyclables should already be available, and the team may need to provide only additional interior recycling collection points. Encourage activities to reduce and reuse materials to decrease the amount of recyclable volumes handled. For instance, building occupants can reduce the solid waste stream by using reusable bottles,bags, and other containers. Maintenance personnel can reduce waste by purchasing cleaners in bulk or concentrated form. Consider employing cardboard balers, aluminum can crushers, recycling chutes,on-site compost bins, and other waste management technologies to further improve the recycling program. If recycling collection and storage space is not available, another option is to conduct a waste stream audit of odsting materials. The waste stream audit should categorize all waste consistently (by either weight or volume), identify which waste streams are recyclable, and list the 3 waste streams that will be collected and stored for recycling. If no information is available on typical waste streams for the project, make projections based on the types of waste the operations will produce. Provide an easily accessible area that serves the project and is dedicated to the separation, collection, and storage of at least 3 recyclable materials as identified by the waste stream audit. Once the volume of waste is calculated, this information will help identify which occupants are disposing of, instead of recycling, eligible materials, and where improvements can be made. Researching local recycling efforts will help identify the best method of diverting recyclable materials from the waste stream. Potential recyclable waste streams include plastic film, plastics, hanger metals, paper, cardboard, food waste, glass, or special waste as defined by local code. 5. Timeline and Team Early in the design phase, to ensure that adequate space is allocated for a centralized collection point, seek input from the local hauler who will be providing waste management services to the site. Attention should be given to the accessibility and convenience of the waste and recycling collection locations. Prior to occupancy, the owner or owner's representative should ensure that sufficient recycling bins are in place. Postoccupancy, the project team should educate occupants on the benefits of recycling, as well as the location of facilities. During the design phase, the project team and the designer should designate well-marked collection and storage areas for recyclable office paper, cardboard, glass, plastic, and metals. Locate a central collection and storage area in the basement or on the ground level with easy access for collection vehicles. Within the tenant spaces, establish a collection area convenient to a freight elevator for custodial pickup. Collection and storage space should be sized to accommodate the anticipated recyclables. 6. Calculations There are no calculations required for this prerequisite. However, project teams should refer to Table for sizing recycling areas. The values in this table were developed by the City of Seattle in support of an ordinance requiring minimum areas for recycling and storage of recyclables in commercial buildings. The ordinance is based on the total square footage of the building. Minimum areas for residential buildings are also specified. Tablet provides a recycling area guideline, by commercial square foot, to help size space needs. LEED for Commercial Interiors does not require adherence to these guidelines; the intent is for the design team to size the facilities appropriately for the specific building operations. In determining the building's square footage, include corridors, elevators, stairwells, and shaft spaces. MR CI Prerequisite 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 213 EFTA00281752

MR CI Prerequisite 1 Table 1. Recycling Area Guidelines Building Size (s0 Minimum Recycling Area (sf) 0 to 5.030 82 5,001 to 15.000 125 15.001 to 50.000 175 50.001 to 100.000 225 100.001 to 200.000 275 200.001 or greater 500 Another source of sizing guidelines for recycling areas is the California Integrated Waste Management Board's (CIWMB) zoo4StatewideWaste Characterization Study,7whichgivesquantity and composition estimates for commercial, residential, and self-hauled waste streams. The study examines material disposal rates of rigid plastic packaging containers and California redemption value containers in more detail beyond the 1999 report (see the References section). 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Prepare documentation such as floor plans and site plans that highlight all recycling storage areas. ■ Obtain a letter from the landlord outlining the building's recycling program. 8. Examples Figurer shows a typical breakdown of waste stream materials. The 5 materials required for collection— paper,glass, plastics, cardboard, and metals—make up S9% of the waste stream. Figure 1. Municipal Solid Waste Generation Data from V.S. Ermrmmental Protection Agency. 2006. Wood 6% Rubber. Leather, Textile 7% Metals 8% Plastic 12% Other 3% Glass 5% rood Steeps 12% Paper 34% Yard Trimmings 13% 214 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281753

9. Exemplary Performance This prerequisite is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. CI MR 10. Regional Variations Dense urban areas typically have recycling infrastructure in place, but some less populated areas may not. Research local recycling programs to find the best method of diverting recyclable materials from the waste stream for the particular location. Space needs can vary depending on collection strategies used by the hauler, and whether recyclables are commingled or separated at the source. For example, if the local hauler accepts commingled recyclables, it may be possible to reduce the area needed for separate collection bins. Commingled collection will be useful to offices in urban areas, where there is little room for outdoor collection locations. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Establish a sustainable waste management plan with building operators or management. Engage with these parties early enough in the design phase so that storage and collection facilities reflect the actual operating needs and waste flows of the new space. Consider developing a commercial waste and recycling policyand education program for occupants. The policy should outline the protocol for collection and processing that the facility staff will follow and detail the signage for collection areas. The education component should explain the environmental and financial benefits of recycling to all building occupants. Postoccupancy, tenant space operations managers should implement a waste tracking system to determine the success of the recycling program; as issues arise, the recycling program should be reviewed and updated accordingly. Have a system in place to adjust the number and size of recycling bins, find additional on-site recycling resources, or provide occupant training if needed. Periodic waste stream audits will help identify the types and amounts of building occupant waste. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (httpiliwww.usgbc.org/projecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites California Integrated Waste Management Board http://www.civanb.ca.govl The California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB) offers information about waste reduction, recycling and solid waste characterization, as well as generation rates for offices, schools, and residences. Earth 911 This group provides information and education programs on recycling as well as links to regional recyclers. U.S. Conference of Mayors, Recycling at Work http://www.usmayors.orgfrecycle/ This program that provides information on workplace recycling efforts. Waste at Work: Prevention Strategies for the Bottom Line httmawmv.informinc.orgiwasteatwork.php This report from Inform, Inc., and the New York City Council on the Environment offers strategies and case studies for reducing workplace waste generation. Prerequisite 1 2039 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 215 EFTA00281754

MR CI Prerequisite 1 Print Media Composting and Recycling Municipal Solid Waste, by Luis Diaz, et al. (CRC Press,1993). McGraw-Hill Recycling Handbook, by Herbert F. Lund (McGraw-Hi11,2.000). 13. Definitions Landfills are waste disposal sites for solid waste from human activities. Occupants in a commercial building areworkers who either have a permanent office or workstation in the building or typically spend a minimum of so hours per week in the building. In a residential building, occupants also include all persons who live in the building. Recycling is the collection, reprocessing, marketing, and use of materials that were diverted or recovered from the solid waste stream. A recycling collection area is located in regularly occupied space in the building for the collection of occupants' recyclables. A building may have numerous collection areas from which recyclable materials are typically removed to a central collection and storage area. Reuse returns materials to active use in the same or a related capacity as their original use, thus extending the lifetime of materials that would otherwise be discarded. Source reduction reduces the amount of unnecessary material brought into a building. Examples include purchasing products with less packaging. Tipping fees are charged by a landfill for disposal of waste, typically quoted per ton. Waste comprises all materials that flow from the building to final disposal. Examples include paper, grass trimmings, food scraps, and plastics. In LEED, waste refers w all materials that are capable of being diverted from the building's waste stream through waste reduction. Waste disposal eliminates waste by means of burial in a landfill, combustion in an incinerator, dumping at sea, or any other way that is not recycling or reuse. Waste diversion is a management activitythat disposes of waste other than through incineration or the use of landfills. Examples include reuse and recycling. Waste reduction includes both source reduction and waste diversion through reuse or recycling. The waste stream is the overall flow of waste from the building to a landfill, incinerator, or other disposal site. 216 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281755

TENANT SPACE-LONG-TERM COMMITMENT Credit Points MR Credit 1.1 1 point Intent To encourage choices that will conserve resources, reduce waste and reduce the environmental impacts of tenancy as they relate to materials, manufacturing and transport. Requirements The occupant or tenant must commit to remain in the same location for a minimum of to years. MR CREDIT 1.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 217 EFTA00281756

CI Credit 1.1 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Ownership and long-term leases reduce the frequency of relocation and associated construction activities. With longer-term commitments, there is greater return on energy efficiency and improvements that benefit occupants' well-being. Many decisions go into the selection of the project location,including issues of employee convenience and quality oflife, such as where workers reside and shop and the length of their commutes. Community improvements, from mass transit to cultural amenities, take time to develop. Longer and more stable tenancy improves the entire community. Economic Issues Relocation—including employee down time, labor and moving equipment, and assimilation time to a new location—entails significant costs. These costs can be avoided simply by remaining in t location. Long-term leases help ensure that the space will remain available for the tenant. 2. Related Credits Additional credits that will enhance the project's sustainability include locating in a LEED-certified building close to alternative transportation, investing in energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies, and selecting sustainable materials; see the following credits: ■ SS Credit t: Site Selection ■ SS Credit 3.2:Alternative Transportation—Public Transportation Access ■ EA Credit Optimize Energy Performance ■ MR Credit 3: Materials Reuse ■ MR Credit 4: Recycled Content • MR Credit s: Regional Materials • MR Credit 6: Rapidly Renewable Materials ■ MR Credit 7: Certified Wood ■ IEQ Credit 2: Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring • IEQ Credit 2: Increased Ventilation • IEQ Credit 3: Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan • IEQ Credit 4: Low-Emitting Materials • I EQ Credit 5: Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control • IEQ Credit 6: Controllability of Systems ■ IEQ Credit 7: Thermal Comfort ■ IEQ Credit 8: Daylight and Views 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit 4. Implementation The credit requirements are satisfied when the project area is either owned by the occupant or is currently included in a lease with a term of no less than 10 years. Tenant lease agreements with an option to renew the lease after less than so years do not meet the requirements of this credit. 218 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281757

Condominium ownerships satisfy the credit requirement. The requirement does not stipulate a relationship between the start of the lease period and the project CI construction activities. Though it maybe necessary to displace occupants during the construction, there are no stipulations concerning temporary relocations. MR 5. Timeline and Team Discussions regarding the duration of the lease are often most productive at the project concept phase. Depending on the nature of the project, this may entail discussions with building owners and zoning and civic officials and could include community and neighborhood organizations. Projects planning for long-term leases will benefit if this option is considered during the predesign and design development phases. Decisions may be influenced regarding project site location selection, investment in energy efficient technologies, and the design and specification of durable, long-lasting finish materials—all of which may affect project costs and budgets, as well as other credits being pursued for LEED certification. The tenant should select a site that provides the space necessary for growth. Once the site is selected, the tenant must agree to sign a lease of to years or longer. 6. Calculations There are no calculations associated with this credit. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Retain a copy of the signed tenant lease agreement for the space that stipulates no less than a to-year commitment. 8. Examples There are no examples for this credit. 9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations There are no regional variations for this credit. Investment in a long-term lease benefits community development and has an inherent environmental benefit (see the Benefits and Issues section). 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations There are no operations and maintenance considerations applicable to this credit. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (httpWwww.usgbc.orgeprojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites CoreNet Global Corporate Real Estate Network http://www.corenetglobal.org CoreNet Global is an organization of corporate real estate executives. Credit 1.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 219 EFTA00281758

MR CI Credit 1.1 Congress for the New Urbanism httpWwww.cnu.org This organization of planners and designers identifies and applies principles that foster community spirit. Print Media Haw Buildings Learn:What Happens after They're Built, by Stewart Brand (Viking Penguin,1995). 13. Definitions Occupants in a commercial building are workers who either have a permanent office or workstation in the building or typically spend a minimum of to hours per week in the building. In a residential building, occupants also include all persons who live in the building. The owner is the person directlyemployed by the organization holdingtitle to the project building and recognized by law as having rights, responsibilities, and ultimate control over the building. A tenant is a person or entity that pays to occupy land or space that is owned by someone else. 220 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281759

BUILDING REUSE-MAINTAIN INTERIOR NONSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS ua Ciocht 1.2 1-2 points Intent To extend the life cycle of existing building stock, conserve resources, retain cultural resources, reduce waste and reduce environmental impacts of new buildings as they relate to materials manufacturing and transport. Requirements Maintain at least 4.O%or 6O% by area of the existing non-shell, nonstructural components (e.g., walls, flooring and ceiling systems). The minimum percentage interior component reuse for each point threshold is as follows: Interim Reuse Points 40% I 60% 2 MR CREDIT 1.2 2009 EDITION LEER REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 221 EFTA00281760

MR CI Credit 1.2 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Building reuse is a very effective strategy in reducing the overall environmental impact of construction. Reusing existing buildings significantly reduces the energy use associated with the demolition process as well as construction waste and the environmental impacts associated with raw material extraction, manufacturing, and transportation. In addition, the character of the neighborhood environment is often defined by historic buildings. Building reuse maintains the vital link between neighborhoods of the past and present, reduces emissions and waste, and preserves open space. Commercial interior projects that reuse a high percentage of the nonstructural components serve as an example for future tenants in their building and for others in the community. Economic Issues Although retrofitting an existing building to accommodate new programmatic and LEED requirements may add to the complexity of design and construction—reflected in the project's soft costs—reuse of existing components can reduce overall construction costs by reducing costs associated with demolition, hauling fees, purchase of new construction materials, and labor. 2. Related Credits When working on an adaptive reuse project, assess the site early on to determine which areas and materials would be valuable to reincorporate into the new development. Inventory the areas and square footage of the existing site, and incorporate a reuse strategy into the initial design charrettes. Review these a credits: ■ MR Credit a: Construction Waste Management ■ MR Credit 3: Materials Reuse The development of a comprehensive reuse management plan that evaluates the anticipated materials saved will determine whether the project meets the requirements of MR Credit 1, Building Reuse. If reuse is not enough to achieve credit compliance, the materials can still contribute toward MR Credit a, Construction Waste Management, if the material has not been applied to MR Credit 1. 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit. 4. Implementation If the project will reuse part of an existing building, inventory the existing conditions. The architect should develop a floor plan showing the location of finished ceilings and flooring, interior wall partitions, doors within the interior walls, exterior and party walls, and exterior windows and doors. If existing built-in case goods will be reused, they should be documented as well. The drawings should be detailed enough to determine the surface area of all elements to be reused. Confirm that the items designated for reuse can be reused and take the necessary steps to retain and maintain them. Fixed items, such as nonstructural walls and doors, are included in this credit and count toward the percentage of reuse when they perform the same function (e.g., doors raised as doors). If materials are used for another purpose (e.g., doors made into tables), they can contribute toward the achievement of MR Credit 3.1, Materials Reuse. Projects that incorporate part of an existing building but do not meet the requirements for MR Credit 1.2 may apply the reused portion toward the achievement of MR Credit a, Construction Waste Management. To do so, determine an approximate weight or volume for existing building elements. Include full-height wall systems in MR Credit 1.2, Building Reuse. Division to items, including 222 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281761

furniture and furnishings, are addressed in MR Credit 3.2, Materials Reuse-30% Furniture and Furnishings. Moving the demolition out of the project scope by making it the building owner's responsibility defeats the objective of this credit. 5. Timeline and Team As a design strategy, building reuse has significant impact on all phases of a project, from schematic design through bidding and construction. During the schematic design phase, the architect and owner should identify nonstructural building elements that can be retained and reused. The specifications for bid, developed by the architect in consultation with the owner, should outline measures to preserve the building during the construction process, and these should be implemented with project team oversight. 6. Calculations Figure 1: Sample Comparison of Floor T1 -Tim Area A D D .1JILLIJ_ II I Area C Area B IMF IMF IMPF Prior Condition Completed Design Quantity of Finished Area This credit is based on surface areas. The components included in the calculation are finished ceilings, walls, doors, flooring, and built-in case goods. Take measurements as if preparing a bid for flooring, ceiling, or painting: • Finished ceilings and flooring areas. Use square footage. MR CI Credit 1.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 223 EFTA00281762

MR CI Credit 1.2 • Walls. Determine the finished area between floor and ceiling. • Interior wall partitions and doors. Count the area of both sides. • Exterior and party walls. If the drywall has been reused and new interior finishes applied, count only t side. • Exterior windows and exterior doors. Subtract their area from both the prior condition and the completed design tallies. • Built-in case goods. Determine the finished area, as would a painter. Prior Condition Determine the total finished area that existed before the project and any demolition began. If the ceiling is exposed, both prior to construction and in the final design, include this area for both. If there was a lay-in ceiling prior to construction and none after, include the ceiling area in the prior condition and completed design areas but not in the retained components area. Completed Design Determine the total finished area in the completed design, including all new and retained elements. Retained Components Area In determining the retained components area, include only the surface areas of ceilings, walls, interior doors, floors, and built-in case goods that were in the space both prior to construction and in the completed design. Include items that have been saved but may have been relocated, such as full-height demountable walls and doors that were rehung. Items counted in this credit cannot be included in MR Credits 3.1, Materials Reuse—s% and to%. Percentage Maintained Complete a table similar to the example shown in Table t. In determining the interior nonstructural component reuse, divide the total retained components area by the larger of either the total prior condition area or total completed design area (Equation t). Table 1. Sample Finished Surface Area Calculation Finished Surface Areas Element Prior Condition Area 0N) Completed Design Area (fN) Retained Components Area ON/ Finished Ceiling 20,000 20.000 12.610 Finished Flooring 10,200 20,000 1.800 Interior Wall Partitions 8,640 8,380 5,520 Doors within Interior Walls 1,400 800 500 Built-in case goods 500 800 400 Exterior and Party Walls 13,820 13,820 13,820 Less Exterior Windows and doors -2,280 -2.280 -2,280 Totals 52,280 61,520 32,370 Determine the Larger Completed Design Area > Prior Condition Area 61,520> 52,280 Interior Non-Structural Component Reuse (32,370/61,520) 53% 40%< 53%< 60% earns MR 1.2 but not MR 1.3 224 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281763

Equation 1. Determination of Maintained Area MR Total Retained Components Area (s0 CI Credit 1.2 Interior Nonstructural Component Reuse (%) = Larger of Prior Condition X 100 OR Completed Design Area 1st) By usingthe larger ofthe avalues in the denominator,this equation puts projects that ha% e minimized materials use in the completed design on a level playing field with projects that have optimized reuse of components from the prior condition. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measure. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ List shell attributes of existing building elements, the corresponding element IDs, the total area of new and existing elements, and the area of reused interior nonstructural elements. 8. Examples Evaluate the interior nonstructural components to determine what can be salvaged. Figure a illustrates the applicable components. Figure 2. Components Eligible for MR Credit 1.2 existing ceiling do not count replaced items, such as replaced doors — surfaces that can be counted toward area for this credit existing interior walls — existing doors existing floor coverings (tile, carpet, etc.) Prior Condition In Calculations, Figure 1, the tenant has taken the entire 2O,OOo-square-foot floor in an existing commercial office building that has 6-foot-wide floor-to•ceiling windows at to-foot centers on the a sides. Area A was previously built out with a a-by-a-foot lay-in ceiling at 1O feet above the carpeted floor. Drywall partitions enclosed t6 private offices. Area B had never been occupied, but the building owner had completed the ceiling system and the exterior and common area walls. Area C was built as a training facility with floating acoustic panels and a mix of reclaimed wood and recycled rubber flooring. The corridors to the stairs had the same ceiling system as Area A, in addition to carpet tiles. 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 225 EFTA00281764

MR CI Credit 1.2 Completed Design The design team opened up the space by eliminating a hallway and a party wall. They saved several private offices in Area A. In Area B, the new occupants kept the ceiling and added enclosed sections for copying, recycling, storage, and conferencing. The training facility, Area C, needed only a fresh coat of paint. The quantities shown in Tablet are from this example. 9. Exemplary Performance Project teams may earn an Innovation in Design credit for exemplary performance by reusing 80% or more of the existing walls, flooring, and ceiling systems. 10. Regional Variations This credit may have particular importance in areas with historic structures where reuse of components can preserve the history and character of a building and its region. When deciding which interior structures to preserve, the project team should consider not only the nature of the building and whether the materials will enhance the project's character, but also the local historical context. Reuse of interior materials as a strategy to divert material from landfills maybe particularly important in areas with constrained landfill space. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations The project team should communicate to building operators any special maintenance practices required by the reused materials, or any differences in life expectancy or durability compared with new materials. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (timxilwww.usgbc.orgipL_-ojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Print Media How Buildings Learn: What Happens after They're Built, by Stewart Brand (Viking Penguin,1994). 13. Definitions Adaptive reuse is the renovation of a space fora purpose different from the original. Completed design area is the total area of finished ceilings, floors, full-height walls and demountable partitions, interior doors, and built-in case goods in the completed project. It does not include exterior windows and doors. Interior nonstructural components reuse is determined by dividing the area of retained components by the larger of (t) the area of the prior condition or (a) the area of the completed design. Prior condition is the state of the project space at the time it was selected. Prior condition area is the total area of finished ceilings, floors, and full-height walls that existed when the project area was selected. It does not include exterior windows and doors. Retained components are portions of the finished ceilings, finished floors, full-height walls and demountable partitions, interior doors, and built-in case goods that existed in the prior condition area and remain in the completed design. Soft costs are expense items that are not considered direct construction costs. Examples include architectural, engineering, financing, and legal fees. 226 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281765

CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT Credit MR Credit 2 Points 1.2 points Intent To divert construction and demolition debris from disposal in landfills and incineration facilities. Redirect recyclable recovered resources back to the manufacturing process and reusable materials to appropriate sites. Requirements Recycle and/or salvage nonhazardous construction and demolition debris. Develop and implement a construction waste management plan that, at a minimum, identifies the materials to be diverted from disposal and whether the materials will be sorted on-site or comingled. Excavated soil and land-clearing debris do not contribute to this credit. Calculations can be done byweight or volume, but must be consistent throughout. The minimum percentage debris o be recycled or salvaged for each point threshold is as follows: Recycled or Salvaged Points 50% 1 75% 2 MR CREDIT 2 it 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 227 EFTA00281766

MR CI Credit 2 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Construction and demolition generate enormous quantities of solid waste. EPA estimates that 136 million tons of such debris was generated in 1996, $7% of it from nonresidential sources.° Commercial construction generates between 2 and 2.5 pounds of solid waste per square foot; the majority of this waste could be recycled.9 The greatest environmental benefit is achieved through source control—reducing the total waste generated. Use design strategies that minimize waste, such as shop fabrication of component parts, modular construction, and the ordering of materials cut to size. Work with manufacturers to minimize unnecessary packaging and make arrangements for pallets to be reclaimed after use to reduce waste volumes and waste management costs. Extending the lifetime of existing landfills through effective construction waste management can avoid the need for expansion or new landfill sites. Recycling of construction and demolition debris reduces demand for virgin resources and, in turn, reduces the environmental impacts associated with resource extraction, processing, and in many cases, transportation. Economic Issues In the past,when landfill capacity was readily available and disposal fees were low, recycling or reuse of construction waste was not economically feasible. Construction materials were less expensive than labor, and construction site managers focused on worker productivity rather than on materials conservation. In addition, recycling infrastructure and recycled-materials marketplaces that process and resell construction debris did not exist. The economics of recycling has improved in recent years, particularly with the advent of international competition for both raw and recycled materials, and disposal costs have increased. More stringent waste disposal regulations coupled with ever-decreasing landfill capacity have changed the waste management equation. Waste management plans require time andmoneytodraftand implement; in the longterm,however, they provide guidance to achieve substantial savings throughout the construction process. Recyclable materials have differing market values, depending on the presence of local recycling facilities, reprocessing costs, and the availability of virgin materials on the market. In general, it is economically beneficial to recycle metals, concrete, asphalt, and cardboard. Market values for recyclables fluctuate from month to month, so track the values and project different cost- recapturing scenarios. When no revenue is received for materials, as is often the case for scrap wood and gypsum wallboard, it is still possible to benefit from recycling by avoiding landfill tipping fees. 2. Related Credits Projects that reuse existing buildings but do not meet the threshold requirements for the following credit may apply the reused building portions toward achievement of MR Credit 2, Construction Waste Management: ■ MR Credit 1.2: Building Reuse—Maintain Interior Nonstructural Components If an existing building is found to contain contaminated substances, such as lead or asbestos, these materials should be remediated as required by EPA; see the following credit: ■ SS Credit t, Path t: Brownfield Redevelopment 228 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281767

3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit. 4. Implementation This credit addresses how much waste material leaving the site is diverted from landfills. The percentage requirement represents the amount of waste diverted through recycling and salvage divided by the total waste generated by the construction project. Identify construction haulers and recyclers to handle designated materials; they often serve as valuable partners in this effort. Make sure that job-site personnel understand and participate in construction debris recycling, and ask them to provide updates throughout the construction pi uctss. Obtain and retain verification records (e.g., waste haul receipts, waste management reports, and spreadsheets) to confirm that the diverted materials have been recycled or salvaged as intended. Diversion may include salvaged materials such as furniture, computers and other electronic equipment, white boards, lockers, doors, lighting, and plumbing fixtures. Salvaged material can be donated to charitable organizations such as Habitat for Humanity, reuse centers, other nonprofit organizations, or other buildings. Materials sold to the community can also be counted. A project may choose to separate construction waste on-site or have commingled construction waste sorted at an off-site facility. On-site separation provides immediate feedback of the ongoing waste diversion efforts but may require additional labor for implementation. Although commingled recycling can increase recycling costs, it could also simplify the waste management effort on-site and ensure that diversion rates will be high. This option is especially useful for projects with tight space constraints and no room for multiple collection bins. 5. Timeline and Team After researching regional recycling options, the project team must create a construction waste management plan during the design phase. The general contractor should identify on-site recycling locations and review recycling requirements with all subcontractors to ensure that the plan is implemented. During construction, the general contractor should remind subcontractors of the plan requirements and confirm that the plan is implemented. The general contractor will continually track construction waste and report to the project team. At the end of construction the contractor should complete the documentation and submit detailed records to the project team. 6. Calculations Calculations for this credit are based on the amount ofwaste diverted from landfills or incineration compared with the total amount of waste generated on-site. Convert all materials to either weight or volume to calculate the percentage. Projects that crush and reuse existing concrete, masonry, or asphalt on-site should include the weight or volume of these materials in the calculations. Any construction debris processed into a recycled content commodity that has an open-market value (e.g., alternative daily cover material) may be applied to the construction waste calculation. Projects that use commingled recycling rather than on-site separation should obtain summaries of diversion rates from the recycler. Typically, the recycler should provide monthly reports. Hazardous waste should be excluded from calculations and should be disposed of according to relevant regulations. Table t provides an example of a summary calculation for waste diversion. If exact material weights are not available, use the conversion factors from Table 2. or another defensible conversion metric to estimate the weight of construction waste. MR CI Credit 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 229 EFTA00281768

MR CI Credit 2 Table 1. Sample Waste Diversion Calculation Material Diverted Method of Diversion Diverted Material, in: tons or cubic yards Carpet Tiles Donation to Salvation Army 25 Cardboard Packaging Recycler 1O Ceiling Tiles Returned to Manufacturer 32 Steel Studs Recycler 8 Drywall Recycler 12 Total quantity of diverted waste 87 Material sent to landfill 63 Total quantity of waste 15O Percentage of waste diverted (87115O) 58% 1 point (5O%) earned. but the second point (75%) was not earned Table 2. Solid Waste Conversion Factors lalabwIals Density (lbsky) Cardboard 1OO Gypsum Walboard 5OO Mixed Waste 35O Rubble 1.4O0 Steel 1.OO0 Wood 3OO 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • Track and keep a summary log of all construction waste generated by type, the quantities of each type that were diverted and landfilled, and the total percentage of waste diverted from landfill disposal. • A project's construction waste management plan should,at a minimum, identify the diversion goals, relevant construction debris and materials to be diverted, implementation protocols, and parties responsible for implementing the plan. 8. Examples A contractor is preparing for partial demolition of 5400-square-foot urban structure built in 1918. The new tenant intends to keep the structural components of the building but remove the existing interior walls and floors. The contractor, prior to construction, developed a construction waste management plan to aid in the demolition and construction process. The plan outlines the staging ofwaste materials during demolition to be sorted within the building before being delivered to local recycling facilities. 230 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281769

- Existing wood will be treated with care as it is removed from the building so that it can be reused by another local contractor or donated to a reuse store. - Gypsum board from a previous building remodel will be composted. - Existing doors will be removed. restored, and stored otf-site before being reinstalled during construction. - The construction waste will be commingled and sorted off-site because the site does not have enough room for sorting materials. - Al cardboard, wood. plastic. and metals will be placed in the same bins. - The construction waste management plan outlines the responsitdily of each subcontractor to recycle lunch waste in a separate, smaller container. to prevent contaminating the construction waste. - The construction office is instructed to sort paper. plastic, cans, and bottles within the office. - The contractor takes responsibility for enforcing the plan throughout the construction process. Because most oftheconstructionwaste is sortedoff-site, thecontractor can document a construction waste diversion rate of 96%. 9. Exemplary Performance Project teams may earn an Innovation in Design credit for exemplary performance by diverting 95% or more of total construction waste. 10. Regional Variations Recycling opportunities are expanding rapidly in many communities. Vegetation, metal, concrete, and asphalt recycling has long been available and affordable in most communities. Paper, corrugated cardboard, plastics, and clean wood markets vary with regional and local recycling infrastructure. Some materials, such as gypsum wallboard, can be recycled only in communities that have reprocessing plants or where soil can handle the material as a stabilizing agent. The recyclability• of a demolished material often depends on the extent of contamination. Demolished wood, for instance, is often not reusable or recyclable unless it is taken apart and the nails removed. In urban areas, recycling resources are frequently more developed, and project managers can decide whether to separate waste on-site or hire a commingled waste recycler. In more rural and remote areas, recyclers may be harder to find. The environmental benefits of recycling in these cases need to be balanced against the environmental impacts of transporting waste long distances to recycling centers. Other regional variances that affect the treatment of construction waste include landfill space, waste diversion options, and tipping fees. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations A challenging aspect of managing and diverting construction waste is identifying appropriate entities to receive the diverse waste types generated. Tenants should develop waste management plans for facility alterations and additions, with specific construction waste recycling targets and end sources. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.usgbc.orgfprojecttools) for additional resources and other technical information. Websites California Integrated Waste Management Board, Construction and Demolition Debris Recycling Information http://wviw.ciwmb.ca.goviConDemo MR CI Credit 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 231 EFTA00281770

MR CI Credit 2 The CIWMB offers case studies, fact sheets, and links to additional resources for construction and demolition debris recycling. Construction Materials Recycling Association httix/Pmvw.cdrecycling.org The Construction Materials Recycling Association is a nonprofit organization dedicated to information exchange within the North American construction waste and demolition debris processing and recycling industries. Smart Growth Online, Construction Waste Management Handbook http://ww.smartzrowth.orgilibraryfarticles.as s This report by the National Association of Home Builders Research Center discusses residential construction waste management for a housing development in Homestead, Florida. Business and Industry Resource Venture, Construction Waste Management Guide httpliWww.resourceventure.orgffree-resourcesiget-startedigreen-building-publicationst CWM9420Guide.pdflview?searchterm=construction9(acwastecgzoprevention This is a guidebook on waste prevention during construction. Government Resources Check with the solid waste authority or natural resources departments in your city or county. Many local governments provide information about regional recycling opportunities. King County, Washington, Recycling and Waste Management during Construction http://www.metrokc.gov/procuretreenlwastemgt.htm View specification language from the cities of Seattle and Portland metro projects on construction waste management. A Sourcebook for Green and Sustainable Building, Construction Waste This website offers a guide to construction waste management during construction. U.S. EPA, Environmental Specifications for Research Triangle Park llsvwtyr :iagovktpc,L-44)mi tspecs.htrn Learn about waste management and other specifications from EPA. Triangle J Council of Govemments,Waste Spec: Model Specifications for Construction Waste Reduction, Reuse, and Recycling fry: t o .o ub tco re lan lid Thisorganizationhas developed model specifications for North Carolina. Ten case studies show the results of using the specifications.. 13. Definitions Alternative daily cover is material (other than earthen material) that is placed on the surface of the active face of a municipal solid waste landfill at the end of each operating day to control vectors, fires, odors, blowing litter, and scavenging. Construction and demolition debris includes waste and recyclables generated from construction and from the renovation,demolition,ordeconstruction ofpreexisting structures. It does not include land-clearing debris, such as soil, vegetation, and rocks. Recycling is the collection, reprocessing, marketing, and use of materials that were diverted or recovered from the solid waste stream. Reuse returns materials to active use in the same or a related capacity as their original use, thus extending the lifetime of materials that would otherwise be discarded. 'lipping fees are charged by a landfill for disposal of waste, typically quoted per ton. 232 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281771

MATERIALS REUSE Credit _aN MR Credit 3.1 Points 1-2 points Intent To reuse building materials and products to reduce demand for virgin materials and reduce waste, thereby lessening impacts associated with the extraction and processing of virgin resources. Requirements Use salvaged, refurbished or reused materials, the sum of which constitutes at least 596 or io%, based on cost, of building (construction) materials, excluding furniture and furnishings The minimum percentage materials reused for each point threshold is as follows: Reused Materials Points 5% 1 10% 2 MR CREDIT 3.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 233 EFTA00281772

MR CI Credit 3.1 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Many existing materials can be salvaged, refurbished, or reused. Reuse strategies divert material from the construction waste stream, reducing the need for landfill space and environmental impacts from associated water and air contamination. Use of salvaged materials also avoids the environmental impacts of producing new construction products and materials. These impacts are significant because buildings account for a large portion of natural resource consumption, including 40% of raw stone, gravel, and sand as well as 25% ofvirgin wooc12° Economic Issues Although some salvaged materials are more costly than new materials because of the high cost of labor involved in recovering and refurbishing processes, local demolition companies or buildings undergoing a remodel may be willing to sell materials recovered from existing buildings to avoid landfill tipping fees and to generate income. In some areas, municipalities and waste management companies have established facilities for selling salvaged building materials at landfill sites. Sometimes, salvaged materials are offered at prices that appear to be cost-effective but may include hidden costs, such as reprocessing fees, excessive transportation costs, or liabilities associated with toxic contamination. Conversely, certain salvaged materials may be impossible to duplicate (e.g., turn-of-the century lumber and casework) and may be worth the higher cost compared with new materials. 2. Related Credits The development of a comprehensive reuse management plan that evaluates the anticipated materials saved will help determine whether the project meets the requirements of the following credits: ■ MR Credit 1: Building Reuse ■ MR Credit a: Construction Waste Management ■ MR Credit 3.2: Materials Reuse—Furniture and Furnishings Remanufactured materials are not considered a reuse of the material and do not contribute toward this credit. However, these materials can contribute toward the following credits: • MR Credit a: Construction Waste Management • MR Credit 4: Recycled Materials 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit. 4. Implementation Consider using salvaged and refurbished materials to reduce overall initial costs. Using salvaged materials as architectural details can also add character to the building. Identify and reuse existing materials found both on-site and off. Furniture and furnishings (CSI Division 12 components) are excluded from the calculations for this credit, but are covered by MR Credit 3.2. Refurbished materials, such as a door that has been converted into a table, can count toward this credit or toward MR Credit 3.2, Materials Reuse-30% Furniture and Furnishings, but not both. Table 1 clarifies materials considered within the scope of this credit. 234 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281773

Table 1. Materials Covered by MR Credit 3.1 Used Materials Found on Site Used Materials Found Off Site Fixed items Modified + New Use Purchased from Others Same or New Use Example: Door converted to table Excluded: Items included in MRc1.2 and 3.2 including demountable full-height walls: mechanical, electrical and plumbing fixtures; reused appliances and equipment Example: Demountable full-height walls Excluded: Items covered in MRc3.2: mechanical, electrical and plumbing fixtures; appliances and equipment Finish Items Refurbished + Reused Same or New Use Owned Same or New Use Examples: Doc,' hardware refinished and reused. Excluded: Items covered in MRc1.2 and 3.2, including demountable full-height walls Example: Portable signage Excluded: Items covered in MRc3.2: mechancial, electrical and plumbing fixtures; appliances and equipment. Reused Materials Found On-site Items that were "fixed" components on-site before construction began. To qualify as reused for this credit, these items must no longer be able to serve their original functions and must then be installed for a different use or in a different location. An example would be a door removed and modified to serve as the countertop for the receptionist station. Walls, ceilings, and flooring. If such items continue to serve their original functions in the new building, they are excluded from this credit but are covered by MR Credit 1.2, Building Reuse— Maintain Interior Nonstructural Components. Other reused materials found on-site. Components that are retained and continue to serve their original function, such as door hardware, are eligible for this credit. Reused Materials Found Off-site Reusable materials eligible for this credit are not limited to items found within the project building. Materials obtained off-site qualify as reused if they have been previously used. These materials may be purchased as salvaged, similar to any other project material, or they may be relocated from another facility, including ones previously used by the occupant. The salvaged materials from both on-site and off-site can be applied to MR Credit 5, Regional Materials, if they comply with the requirements of that credit. Materials qualifying as reused for MR Credit 3 cannot be applied to MR Credits 1, 2, 4,6, or7. This credit applies primarily to CSI MasterFormat" 2004 Edition Divisions 31 (Section 31.60.00 Foundations) and 32 (Sections 32.10.00 Paving, 32.30.00 Site Improvements, and 32.90.00 Planting). Do not include mechanical, electrical, and plumbing components or appliances and equipment in the calculations for this credit This exclusion is consistent with MR Credits 4 and 5. Exclude furniture and furnishings (CSI Division 12 components). Generally, opportunities to reuse building materials may be limited. Core materials that may be eligible include salvaged brick, structural timbers, stone, and pavers. While considering the potential to reuse salvaged materials, confirm that theydo not contain toxic substances, such as lead or asbestos. 5. Timeline and Team The incorporation of materials reuse as a design strategy affects cost estimates, the demolition phase (if salvaging from the project site), and the ultimate design development of the project. Coordination among the owner, architect or design team, and contractor should begin early in the predesign phase and continue through design development so that knowledge of the site and building areas to be salvaged and reused can be creatively and efficiently worked into the basis of MR CI Credit 3.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 235 EFTA00281774

MR CI Credit 3.1 design, and opportunities to bring in salvaged materials from off-site can be incorporated into the project. Documentation should likewise begin early. During predesign, the project team should assess opportunities for materials reuse and the extent of site demolition involved, and set goals accordingly. In the design phase, the architect should incorporate salvaged or reused materials into the design and then, during the construction documents and specifications development phase, identify sources and outline measures for their use. The contractor should locate sources for these materials and document and track their cost and quantity during construction. This recordkeeping will aid the project team in the credit submittal process. 6. Calculations List the reused or salvaged materials used and their cost. 'Fable a provides an example of a salvaged materials tracking log. For items that were formerly fixed items found on-site, indicate both the former and the new uses (e.g., wall paneling made from wood flooring) and how it was modified or refurbished. If the item is from off-site, indicate where it was acquired. The project owner is an acceptable source of off-site reusable materials. The replacement value can be determined by pricing a comparable material in the local market; exclude labor and shipping. If a project team receives a discount from a vendor, the replacement value should reflect the discounted price as opposed to the list value. When the actual cost paid for the reused or salvaged material is below the cost of an equivalent new item, use the higher value in the calculations. When the cost to reclaim an item found on-site is less than the cost of an equivalent new item, use the cost of the new item (or replacement cost). Do not include mechanical, electrical, and plumbing components or appliances and equipment in the calculations for this credit. In determining the net construction material value, subtract the costs of all such materials. The net construction material value is divided into the total salvaged material value to determine the percentage salvaged. Table 2. Sample Spreadsheet for Salvaged Construction Materials Salvaged Material On- or Off- site Modification made to On-site Materials or Source of Off-site Salvaged Materials Replacement Value (s) Wall paneling from wood flooring On Salvaged, re-milled 4.000 Stone flooring Off Alpha Architectural Resuse 3.640 Ceiling Tiles Off Project owner's inventory 2.000 Door Hardware On Finish item refurbished 1.750 Used demountable full-height walls Off Xi Walls, salvaged 2,200 Used demountable full-height walls Off Project owner's inventory 1.100 Total salvaged material value $14.400 Total construction material cost $341,214 Less MEP material value -158,180 Net construction material value $183,034 Percentage salvaged (14,490(183,034) 7.9% 1 point (5%) earned, but the 2nd point (10%) was not earned 236 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITIO^i EFTA00281775

7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • Track costs accordingto CSIMasterFormat'"2004Edition Divisions3-10,31 (Section 31.60.00 Foundations), and 32 (Sections 32.10.00 Paving, 32.30.00 Site Improvements, and 32.90.00 Planting). 8. Examples There are no examples for this credit. 9. Exemplary Performance Project teams may earn an Innovation in Design credit for exemplary performance if the value of salvaged or reused materials used on the project is t5%or more of the total materials cost. 10. Regional Variations This credit may have particular importance in areas with historic structures and neighborhoods, in renovating a historic building, or in offering the benefits of a nonvirgin source of building material. New England, the Pacific Northwest, and California have well-developed markets for salvaged materials. Project teams should research rebuilding centers in their region using the resources listed in this section. Where salvage markets are not as readily available, consider using deconstruction techniques. By increasing the demand for used materials, teams might encourage the development of a regional salvage market that would expand economic opportunities while diverting waste Building reuse can encourage development while preserving the history and character of an area, and materials reuse can work in tandem with this strategy. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations There are no operations and maintenance considerations specific to reused or refurbished materials. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.usgbc.org(projecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Government Resources Check with tlie solid waste authorityand natural resources departments inyour cityor county. Many local governments provide information about regional materials exchanges and other sources. Websites Builders' Guide to Reuse and Recycling httpWww.mwcog.orgibuildersrecyclingguidef The Builders' Guide to Reuse and Recycling is a directory for construction and demolition materials in the Metropolitan Washington,M, region, produced by the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments. The website includes a searchable database for sources of salvaged materials. California Integrated Waste Management Board, California Materials Exchange http://www.ciwmb.ca.govjCalMAX The California Materials Exchange is a program of the CIWMB. This site enables users to exchange nonhazardous materials online. MR CI Credit 3.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 237 EFTA00281776

MR CI Credit 3.1 Materials Exchanges on the Web King County, Washington, Industrial Materials Exchange (IMEX) Local Hazardous Waste Management Program http://wv.govlink.org/hazwaste The Local Hazardous Waste Management Program is a regional program of local governments working together to protect public health and environmental quality by reducing the threat posed by the production, use, storage, and disposal of hazardous materials. Reuse Development Organization http://www.redo.org ReDO is a national nonprofit in Baltimore that promotes reuse as an environmentally sound, socially beneficial, and economical means of managing surplus and discarded materials. See the list of ReDO subscribers for contacts around the United States. Green Building Resource Guide, Salvaged Building Materials Exchange The Green Building Resource Guide is a database of more than Leo green building materials and products selected specifically for their usefulness to the design and building professions. Building Materials Reuse Association (formerly Used Building Materials Association) http://www.bmra.org The Building Materials Reuse Association is a nonprofit, membership-based organization that represents companies and organizations involved in the acquisition and/or redistribution of used building materials. Used Building Materials Exchange http://www.build.recycle.net The Used Building Materials Exchange is a free marketplace for buying and selling recyclables and salvaged materials. The Greater Vancouver Regional District, Old to New: Design Guide, Salvaged Building Materials in New Construction http://www.lifecyclebuilding.orgifilesfOld9420toWaoNew%zoDesign%zoGuide.pdf This useful and detailed guidebook reviews the use of salvaged materials in real-life case studies. 13. Definitions Market value, presumed to be less than replacement value, is the amount that either was paid or would have been paid for a used product. Refurbished materials are products that could have been disposed of as solid waste. These products have completed their life cycle as consumer items and are then refurbished for reuse without substantial alteration of their form. Refurbishing includes renovating, repairing, restoring, or generally improving the appearance, performance, quality, functionality, or value of a product. Remanufactured materials are items that are made into other products. One example is concrete that is crushed and used as subbase. Replacementvalue is the estimated cost of replacing a used product. This value maybe equal to the cost of a similar new product or based on a new product with comparable features. Salvaged materials or reused materials are construction materials recovered from existing buildings or construction sites and reused. Common salvaged materials include structural beams and posts, flooring, doors, cabinetry, brick, and decorative items. 238 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281777

MATERIALS REUSE-FURNITURE AND FURNISHINGS a Credit MR Credit 3.2 Points 1 point Intent To reuse building materials and products to reduce demand for virgin materials and reduce waste, thereby reducing impacts associated with the extraction and processing of virgin resources. Requirements Use salvaged, refurbished or used furniture and furnishings for 30% of the total furniture and furnishings budget. MR CREDIT 3.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 239 EFTA00281778

CI Credit 3.2 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Reusing furniture and furnishings can reduce the environmental impacts associated with the manufacturing and disposal of materials. Further, some reused furnishings may be of historical value. For more environmental Issues, see the Benefits and Issues section in MR Credit 3.1. Economic Issues For commercial interiors projects, furniture often is the largest single purchase. Furniture reuse is thus a strategy for considerable savings. Office systems furniture is a particular cost focus for many commercial projects, and its reuse could help in the achievement of this credit. 2. Related Credits The development of a comprehensive reuse management plan that evaluates the anticipated materials saved will help determine whether the project meets the requirements of the following credits: • MR Credit a: Construction Waste Management • MR Credit 3.1: Materials Reuse-59i and 1096 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit. 4. Implementation The objective of this credit is to recognize the environmental benefits of reusing furniture and furnishings, with other reused materials itemized in the Construction Specification Institute MasterFormaf" Division 12. The percentage is based on calculations for only the furniture and furnishing materials in Division 12., using replacement values. See Equation 1. Identify opportunities to reuse furniture from the occupant's existing inventory. Also consider obtaining used furniture from materials suppliers. Research and identify opportunities to reuse furniture and consider salvaging and reusing systems furniture and furnishings, such as case pieces, seating, filing systems, decorative lighting, and accessories. 5. Timeline and Team The reuse of furniture should be part of a larger plan for materials reuse. Although this planning can happen at any stage of the design process, project teams may assume that there will be enough potential savings to free up the construction budget for other priorities. Inventory the furnishings, identify likely items for reuse, tally the potential savings, and identify potential materials suppliers. The ideal time for this is during the design development phase of work, when the projected cost benefits of reuse can have the greatest impact on the project's finances. If the furnishings are on-site at the beginning of the construction process, the contractor should plan to store and conserve them. This is an opportunity in the project timeline for any necessary repair and refurbishment. 240 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281779

6. Calculations Calculate the percentage of reused furniture and furnishings used on a project. Include only furniture and furnishings, components typically found in CSI MasterFormat" Division 12 (Figure 0. Exclude furniture, furnishings components, artwork, interior plants, and musical instruments. Equation 1. Salvage Rate for Furniture and Furnishings Salvage Rate (%) Replacement Value of Reused Furniture and Furnishings (sf) Total Value of New and Reused Furniture and Furnishings (sf) X 100 The items covered by this credit must have been previously used but can come from anywhere on or off the site. There is no requirement that they be modified or refurbished. Figure 1. Sample Division 12 Items Construction Acitivity Fabrics Artwork (exclude from calculation) Key cabinets Hospital casework Display casework Window treatment Panels and dividers Furniture Furniture systems Furniture accessories Floor mats and framees Multiple seating Chairs Interior plants (exclude from cakulation) Planters Calculations are based upon the replacement value of the reused furniture and furnishings. Replacement value is presumed to be greater than the market value (what would be paid for the reused product in the marketplace). With justification, the project team may use replacement values greater than the amount paid for newly acquired refurbished product. When basing the determinations on comparable new products, consider using the discounted contract prices as opposed to the published list price. The replacement values used in MR Credit 3.2 are part of the total Division 12 material value, which is also used in the calculations for MR Credits 4,5, and 6. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measure. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Track actual costs for salvaged, reused, or refurbished furniture and furnishings. MR CI Credit 3.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 241 EFTA00281780

CI Credit 3.2 8. Examples igure 1. Sample Spreadsheet for Salvaged Furniture and Furnishings Product name Source Replacement Value (S) Reused Workstation Owner's former site 103.300 Reused File Cabinets Zeta Old to New 100.400 Total Salvaged Material Value 5203.700 Total Division 12 Material Value 5598.722 %Salvaged (203.700 f 598.722) 34.0% 34.0% > 30.0% MR 3 earned 9. Exemplary Performance Project teams may earn an Innovation in Design credit for exemplary performance by using at least 60% salvaged, refurbished, or reused furniture and furnishings. 10. Regional Variations In urban areas, project teams can shop reused furniture and thrift stores, which will provide the greatest opportunities for reused furnishing finds. If the project owner is looking fora unique touch for the office space, consider antiques shops, many of which are in rural areas. Research vendors in the region and consult contractors for sources. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Project teams should, if possible, obtain the records detailing the maintenance needs of the reused furnishings. Office managers may have records of the furniture specifications. 12. Resources Refer to the Resources section in MR Credit 3.1. 13. Definitions Market value, presumed to be less than replacement value, is the amount that either was paid or would have been paid for a used product. Refurbished materials are products that could have been disposed of as solid waste. These products have completed their life cycle as consumer items and are then refurbished for reuse without substantial alteration of their form. Refurbishing includes renovating, repairing, restoring, or generally improving the appearance, performance, quality, functionality, or value of a product. Remanufactured materials are items that are made into other products. One example is concrete that is crushed and used as subbase. Replacement value is the estimated cost of replacing a used product. This value maybe equal to the cost of a similar new product or based on a new product with comparable features. Salvaged materials or reused materials are construction materials recovered from existing buildings or construction sites and reused. Common salvaged materials include structural beams and posts, flooring, doors, cabinetry, brick, and decorative items. 242 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281781

RECYCLED CONTENT Credit Points MR Credit 4 1-2 points Intent To increase demand for building products that incorporate recycled content materials, thereby reducing impacts resulting from extraction and processing of virgin materials. Requirements Use materials, including furniture and furnishings, with recycled content' such that the sum of postconsumer recycled content plus of the preconsumer3 content constitutes at least 1O% or .to% based on cost of the total value of the materials in the project. The minimum percentage materials recycled for each point threshold is as follows: Recycled Content Points 10% 1 20% 2 The recycled content value of a material or furnishing is determined by weight. The recycled fraction of the assembly is then multiplied by the cost of assembly to determine the recycled content value. Mechanical, electrical and plumbing components cannot be included in this calculation. Recycled content ls defined in accordancewith the International Organization ofStandards document, ISO ieosi —Envlionmental labels and declarations— Self-dee/axed endinnmental claims Clype II etnitonmenial labeling). S Postronsumer material b as este material generated by households or hycommercid, industesil and institutional facilities in their role as end-users dew pcoduct, whichcon no looser lie used foe its intended purpose. 3 Preconsumermatetial ls defined as rasonlal dhrerted from diewaste sire= during the esindsctufing poxes& Reutilization °treated:di (Seamark, ittrindorsav generated In aprotess andeapablearbeing techImedwithin the same proem, that generated 101s excluded. MR CREDIT 4 2009 EDITION LEER REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 243 EFTA00281782

CI Credit 4 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Products with recycled content reduce virgin materials use and solid waste volumes. As the number of building products containing recycled content grows, the marketplace for recycled materials develops. Postconsumer recycled content is derived from materials that can no longer be used for their original purpose, and preconsumer recycled content consists of raw material diverted from the waste stream during the manufacturing process. Although the use of both types of recycled content is encouraged, postconsumer recycled content is accorded greater value because of its increased environmental benefit over the life cycle of the product. Economic Issues Many commonly used products are now availablewith recycled content, including metals, concrete, masonry, gypsum wallboard, acoustic tile, carpet, ceramic tile, rubber flooring and wall base, and insulation. Research all recycled-content materials for environmental pros and cons; if the product with recycled content is not as durable as its conventional counterpart, the environmental benefits may be compromised by the need for more frequent replacement Most recycled-content products, however, exhibit performance similar to products containing only virgin materials and can be incorporated into building projects with ease and little to no cost premium. 2. Related Credits Coordinate recycled material procurement with a construction waste management plan to make use of on-site salvaged deconstruction and demolition waste. There are opportunities for synergies with the following credits: ■ MR Credit a: Construction Waste Management ■ MR Credit 3: Materials Reuse When purchasing new materials, look for recycled-content materials that use local waste products and are remanufactured locally to take advantage of synergies with MR Credit 5, Regional Materials. Check recycled-content materials for problematic air emissions, especially with synthetic products such as plastic, rubber, or polyester. Make sure that any recycled-content materials are considered in the planning and execution of I EQ Credit 4, Low-Emitting Materials. The project materials costs used here need to be consistent with those used in the following credits: ■ MR Credit 3.1: Materials Reuse • MR Credit 5: Regional Materials • MR Credit 6: Rapidly Renewable Materials 3. Summary of Referenced Standard International Standard ISO 14021-1999, Environmental Labels and Declarations, Self-Declared Environmental Claims (Type 11 Environmental Labeling) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) http://ww.iso.org This International Standard specifies requirements for self-declared environmental claims, regarding products, including statements, symbols and graphics for products. It further describes selected terms commonly used in environmental claims and gives qualifications for their use. It also 244 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281783

describes a general evaluation and verification methodology for self-declared environmental claims and specific evaluation and verification methods for the selected claims. 4. Implementation Establish goals for recycled content during the design phase and include them in the project specifications. Doing so is nota LEED requirement,but itcan helpinachieving the credit To establish recycled-content goals, first add a LEED general requirements section to Division of to allow for writing LEED performance requirements for elements overlapping work sections (such as building envelope and structure).Then, specify products and materials according to CSI MasterFormat zoo4 classifications for Division or recycled-content requirements. Careful research may be required to determine the percentages of recycled content that can realistically be expected in specific products and materials. Many standard materials contain recycled content because of how they are manufactured; examples are steel, gypsum board and acoustical ceiling tile. Design and construction teams may need to research which materials contain high levels of recycled content or verify which models of a certain product line feature the desired recycled content; examples are carpet and ceramic tile. Work with subcontractors and suppliers to make sure that materials containing recycled content are available. The contractor should run preliminary calculations based on the construction budget or schedule of values during the preconstruction phase. This will allow the construction team to focus on those materials with the greatest contribution to the project's recycled content value during the buy-out phase. Reusing materials reclaimed from the same process in which they are generated—though good practice—does not contribute toward the recycled content of the material. In other words, putting waste back into the same manufacturing process from which it came is not considered recycling because it was not diverted from the waste stream. Reuse of materials includes rework, regrind, or scrap product (Source ISO t4.02.1); examples are glass culls, which are often reused in the making of new glass, as well as planer shavings, plytrim, sawdust, chips, bagasse, sunflower seed hulls, walnut shells, culls, trimmed materials, print overruns, over-issue publications, and obsolete inventories. Distinguish between postconsumer and preconsumer recycled content when tracking materials for the purpose of credit calculations (see the Definitions section). 5. Timeline and Team Run preliminary calculations during the design phase, as soon as a project budget is available, to set appropriate recycled-content targets. Identification of materials that contain recycled content should begin during the preconstruction phase. All project team members, including the general contractor and subcontractors, should consult with suppliers prior to the buy-out phase to determine the availability of materials and the specific amount of postconsumer and preconsumer content within each type of material. Careful planning before construction can minimize capital expenses and allow the project team to verify whether the procured buildingmaterials contain the desired amount of recycled content. The architect should identify and then specify products with recycled content. The contractor is responsible for ensuring the appropriate installation of these materials, documenting and tracking the cost and quantity of recycled materials, and providing this documentation to the project team. 6. Calculations Materials costs include all expenses to deliver the material to the project site. Materials cost should account for all taxes and transportation costs incurred by the contractor but exclude any cost for labor and equipment once the material has been delivered to the site. MR CI Credit 4 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 245 EFTA00281784

MR CI Credit 4 List all recycled-content materials and products and their costs. For each product, identify the percentage of postconsumer and/or preconsumer recycled content by weight, and list the recycled content information source. LEED requires that the information come from a reliable, verifiable source. Postconsumer Recycled Content Postconsumer recycled content is consumer waste, much of which comes from residential curbside recycling programs for aluminum, glass, plastic, and paper. To be a feedstock, the raw materials must have served a useful purpose in the consumer market before being used again. Other postconsumer feedstock is generated when construction and demolition debris is recycled. Preconsumer Recycled Content Preconsumer (or postindustrial) recycled content comes from process waste that an industry has sold or traded with another through the marketplace. For instance, a composite board manufacturer may obtain sawdust from a lumber mill or waste straw from a wheat farm. This definition does not include in-house industrial scrap or trimmings, which are normally fed back into the same manufacturing process. Calculate the recycled-content value of each material according to Equation s. Equation 1 Recycled % Postconsumer _ Materials % Preconsumer _ Materials Content = X + 0.5 X X Recycled Content Cost Recycled Content Cast Value ($) Calculate the project's percentage recycled content according to Equation 2. Equation 2 Percentage Recycled Content Total Recycled Content Value ($) X 100 Total Materials Cost Default Recycled Content For steel products where no recycled content information is available, assume the recycled content to be 2596 postconsumer. No other material has been recognized as having a similarly consistent minimum recycled content. Many steel products contain go% or higher recycled content if manufactured by the electric arc furnace process, so it may be beneficial to obtain actual information from the manufacturer rather than relying on the default value. Calculating Assembly Recycled Content An assembly can be either a product formulated from multiple materials (e.g., concrete) ora product made up of subcomponents (e.g., a workstation). For assembly recycled contents, determine the percentage byweight of the postconsumer recycled content and the preconsumer recycled content. For subcomponents, determine the percentage by using the weights of the component elements. No consideration is given to relative costs of the materials or the subcomponents. For example, a pound of steel in a storage unit is of equal significance as a pound of fabric on a panel. To incorporate assembly recycled content into Equation 2, use Equation 3 and add the resulting value to Equations 2'5 total recycled content value: 246 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281785

Equation 3 Assembly Recycled Content Value (5) % Postconsumer Recycled Content Total Assembly Weight X Assembly Cost % Preconsumer Recycled Content Total Assembly Weight X 0.5 X Assembly Cost Table t shows a sample calculation of the assembly recycled contents for a hypothetical concrete mix. The cement type includes a small amount of preconsumer content. The fly ash is a by-product of coal-fired electrical generation, and slag is a by-product of steel production. The aggregate comes from concrete demolition that has been recycled, ground, and washed. Unfortunately, even though the batch plant recaptures the water it uses in cleaning the trucks and bins, this environmentally responsible practice cannot be counted as being preconsumer. Table 1. Sample Assembly Recycled Content Calculation for Concrete • Postconsumer Preconsumer Components Weight (Ibs) % Weight (Ibs) % Weight (Ibs) Cement 282 10% 28 Fly Ash 282 100% 282 Water 275 Slag 750 100% 750 Recycled Concrete Aggregate 1000 100% 1000 Sand 1200 Sample Totals 3.789 1000 1060 Postconsumer Content (1000/3789) 26.4% Preconsumer Content (1060(3789) 28.0% Table 2. Sample Assembly Recycled Content for BIFMA Typical Workstation Configuration Manufacturer Lambda Furniture Product Line High End Workstations BIFMA Typical Configuration Workstation Con iguration 0010 Postconsumer Preconsumer Component Weight fibs) % Weight fibs) % Weight (Ibs) Aluminum 25.0 53% 13.3 47% 11.8 Wood 35.0 3% 1.1 87% 30.5 Steel 650.0 22% 143.0 5% 32.5 Textile 20.0 100% 20.0 0% 0.0 Other 23.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0 Sample Totals 753.0 177.4 74.7 Postconsumer Content (177.4/753.0) 23.4% Preconsumer Content 174.7/753.0) 9.9% Systems Furniture Materials listed in CSI MasterFormar Division 12 (Furniture) should be included in the calculation of MR Credit 4, Recycled Content. This category includes systems furniture. Teams may use the percentages of postconsumer and preconsumer recycled content determined by the product manufacturerforthetypicalworkstationconfigurationthatbestrepresentstheirprojectinstallation. MR CI Credit 4 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 247 EFTA00281786

MR CI Credit 4 This approach also may be used in calculating MR Credit 6, Rapidly Renewable Materials, and MR Credit 7, Certified Wood. The Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association (BIFMA) International has defined typical workstation configurations for both open plans and private offices, available at http://www.bifma.org. Using these typical configurations, manufacturers have determined the recycled content percentages for their individual product lines. Table a illustrates a manufacturer's calculation. Project teams should obtain this documentation from the manufacturer. Project teams most likely in conjunction with their furniture supplier, must separate their total new furniture costs according to the industry-typical configurations for each manufacturer and product line. Multiply hese segmented values bythe manufacturer's recycled-content percentages (Table 3). Table 3. Sample Spreadsheet for Recycled Content Product Company Product Cost (5) % Postconsumer Postccesumer Value (5) % Preconsumer Preconsumer Value (5) Recycled Content Information Source Steel lintel Alpha Steel 400 25.0% 100 0% 0 25% LEED default Wheatboard shelving Beta Mills 1,950 0% 0 100.0% 1.950 Cut sheet Fireproofing Gamma 3,300 insulation 25.0% 825 0% 0 Product brochure Metal doors and frames Delta doors 920 59.0% 543 31.9% 293 Product brochure Rolling service door Epsilon Specials 2,100 55.0% 1.155 27.9% 586 Product brochure Glass side lights Zeta Glaze 4,500 10.0% 450 5.8% 261 Cut sheet Gypsum wall board Eta Wall 9,900 20.0% 1.980 0% 0 Letter from factory Acoustic ceilings Theta Tiles 3,680 42.4% 1.560 20.6% 758 Product brochure Acoustic insulation Iota Insulates 2'340 0% 0 75.0% 1,755 Letter from factory Carpet tile Ranlla Karpet 63,293 45.0% 24,051 6.8% 4.304 Product brochure Systems furniture. new Lambda Furniture 288,366 23.6% 68,054 9.9% 28.548 Manufacturer's typical Seating Lambda Furniture 59,253 26.0% 15,406 11.7% 6,933 Manufacturer's detail Conference tables Mu Mills 19,751 2.8% 553 81.0% 15.998 Product brochure File cabinets Mu Mills 27,652 22.0% 6.083 5.0% 1,383 Product brochure Subtotals $120,760 562.769 Total Construction Material Value 5341.214 Less MR 3.1 Value -12.640 Net Construction Material Value 5170.394 Division 12 Material Value 598.722 Less MR 3.2 Value -203.700 Net Project Material Value 5565.466 % Postconsumer + 1(2 Preconsumer ff120.760 + 0.5 x 62.769) (565,466) 26.9% MRc4, 2 points eamed 26.9% > 20% 248 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281787

This approach was developed so that project teams would not have to build the credit values starting from individual workstation component counts, costs, and recycled-content percentages. However, if a project team has purchased components that have rapidly renewable contents outside a s% range of those used in the manufacturer's published percentages for the typical configurations, project- specific detail will be required. In this case, request that the manufacturer prepare an assembly recycled-content calculation, similar to Table a, for the actual products purchased. Other products, such as seating, storage units, and conference tables, are not included in typical configurations. For some of these items, there are consistent attributes across a product line; the percentage of recycled content of a steel 3-drawer filewill be the same as that in as-drawer file. When this is the case, identify the dollar amount for all products used on the project within the product line and multiply by the recycled-content percentages. Productswithout consistent attributes must be addressed separately. Table 3 shows examples of both situations. Exclusions Excluded from the credit calculation is the salvaged and refurbished material value of reused materials as defined in MR Credit 3.1, Materials Reuse. Default Materials Value The LEED for Commercial Interiors Rating System has no default relationship between the value (in dollars) of materials and total construction costs. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Record product names, manufacturers' names, costs, percentage postconsumer content, and percentage preconsumer content. • Retain cutsheets to document the listed products' recycled content 8. Examples The total materials cost (excluding labor and equipment) for Sparting & Company's tenant improvement project is $270,000. Table 4 lists recycled-content products purchased for the project, the product cost, and the percentage postconsumer or preconsumer content for each. For this example, the total combined value of postconsumer content plus half the preconsumer content of the total cost of all materials is 11.31%. The project earns 1 point under MR Credit 4. MR CI Credit 4 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 249 EFTA00281788

MR CI Credit 4 Table 4. Sample Calculations for Recycled Content Total Construction Cost 4600,000 Default Total Materials Cost (45% of Total Construction Cost) 4270,000 Product Name Vendor Product Cost (5) % Postconumer %Preconsumer Recycled Content Value (Equation 1) (S) Recycled Content Information Source Structural steel Multi Steel 40.000 10.00% 85.00% 21.000 Structural manufacturer Underlay aggregate ABC Foundation 21.000 20.00% 4.200 Concrete manufacturer Particleboard Sol's Big Boards 4.000 100.00% 2.000 Manufacturer Gypsum board Gypsum R Us 8.550 78.00% 3.335 Manufacturer Combined Value of Postconsumer + 1/2 Preconsumer Content (Total Re ycled Content Value) 430,535 Combined Value of Postconsumer + 1/2 Preconsumer Content. as a Percentage of Default Total Materials 11.31% Cost (Total Percent Recycled Content (Equation 2) Total Points Documented 1 Figure 1. Preconsumer versus Postconsumer Recycled Content -61 SCRAP STEEL 6 PRIXESSte f0a 0001 IMNUIACTURIN6 •PROXCIS MAO( MOM MATPAL Kean WO Tilt SOME IMAPJFACTUING MISS D3 OCT OAP AS Pit (MUM IMMO (MINT • INSIA,A)A1 MI•COMULIM IPSOCUNG SCRIP MIL 6 SCID 70 A KA* TOOL IWORMIUPER MOM IrWMFACIURER "._,ENIPAIISSTEU SCRAP} TM STEILISVIELTIO PI WIPACEAND ialUDIMOSME EIS TO al SOW FOR NEW ,ROMC3 POST.COMUMUI ."-NatoliNG 714 STIR S ' A UMW P 9. Exemplary Performance Project teams may earn an Innovation in Design credit for exemplary performance by achieving a total recycled-content value of 30% or more. 250 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281789

10. Regional Variations The location of the project site affects the availability of locally sourced materials. Availability of building materials containing recycled content may vary by region based on the proximity of suppliers. Some materials, such as structural steel, will be readily available for any project site; others may be manufactured or distributed in specific regions only. A project team may need to decide whether it is more sustainable to use a local material containing virgin content or to import a material containing recycled content from a long distance. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Recycled-content materials may require different maintenance practices than conventional products. When sourcing recycled products, request maintenance recommendations from the manufacturer and give this information to the operations team. The duplication, replacement, and repair of recycled-content materials will be easier if information abouttheinstalled productshasbeen maintained. Encourage thecreation ofa sustainable purchasing plan and provide building operators with lists of the installed products and their manufacturers, such as the documentation used in the LEED application. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http:/ (projecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Government Resources Check with the solid waste authority or natural resources departments in your city or county. Many local governments provide information on recyclers and recycled content product manufacturers within their region. Websites U.S. Federal Trade City Guides forthe Use of Environmental Marketing Claims, 16 CPR 260.7 (e) http://vnvw.ftc.govfbcp/gmruleiguides980427.htm The guides provided on this site represent administrative interpretation of Section s of the FTC Act to environmental advertising and marketing practices. BuildingGreen, Inc., GreenSpec GreenSpec contains detailed listings for more than 2,000 green building products, and each entry includes environmental data, manufacturer information, and links to additional resources. California Integrated Waste Management Board, Recycled Content Product Directory http://ww.civnnb.ca.govIrcp Developed by the CIWMB, the Recycled Content Product Directory is a searchable database for recycled content products. Center for Resourceful Building Technology, Guide to Resource-Efficient Building Elements http://crbt.ncat.orgi The directory of environmentally responsible building products is a resource that provides introductory discussions for each topic and contact information for specific products, including salvaged materials. (The CRBT project is no longer active, and the CRBT website is no longer updated. The National Center for Appropriate Technology is providing this website for archival purposes only.) MR CI Credit 4 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 251 EFTA00281790

MR CI Credit 4 Oikos Oikos is a searchable directory of efficient building products and sustainable design resources. Recycled Content: What Is It and What Is It Worth? Environmental Building News, February zoos. U.S. EPA Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines Program http://www.epaavicpziproducts.htm The Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines Program contains EPA information on recycled- content materials with guidelines for recycled percentages. It also includes a searchable database of suppliers. Construction Specifications Institute, Green Format This database from the features standardized reporting format for manufacturers to report recycled content as well as certifications of recycled content, and other environmental and sustainable attributes. Thewebsite is based on principles ofISO 4021- Environmental labels and declarations — Self-declared environmental claims (Type II Environmental Labelling) and ASTM E 2129 Standard Practice for Data Collection for SustainabilityAssessment of Building Products. 13. Definitions Assembly recycled content is the percentage of material in a product that is either postconsumer or preconsumer recycled content. It is determined by dividing the weight of the recycled content by the overall weight of the assembly. Fly ash is the solid residue derived from incineration processes. Fly ash can be used as a substitute for Portland cement in concrete. Net project material value includes the construction material value and the CSI Division 12 (Furniture and Furnishings) material value, the lesser of material values for mechanical and electric components, and the salvage value identified in the MR credits. Postconsumer recycled content is the percentage of material in a product that was consumer waste. The recycled material was generated by household, commercial, industrial, or institutional end-users and can no longer be used for its intended purpose. It includes returns of materials from the distribution chain (ISO 14021). Examples include construction and demolition debris, materials collected through recycling programs, discarded products (e.g., furniture, cabinetry, decking), and landscaping waste (e.g., leaves, grass clippings, tree trimmings). Preconsumer recycled content, formerly known as postindustrial content, is the percentage of material in a product that is recycled from manufacturing waste. Examples include planer shavings, sawdust, bagasse, walnut shells, culls, trimmed materials, overissue publications, and obsolete inventories. Excluded are rework, regrind, or scrap materials capable of being reclaimed within the same process that generated them (ISO 4021). Recycled content is the proportion, by mass, of preconsumer or postconsumer recycled material in a product (ISO 14021). 252 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281791

REGIONAL MATERIALS Credit MR Credit 5 Points 1.2 points Intent To increase demand for building materials and products that are extracted and manufactured within the region, thereby supporting the regional economy and reducing the environmental impacts resulting from transportation. Requirements OPTION 1 (1 point) Use a minimum of 2O% of the combined value of construction and Division t2. (Furniture) materials and products that are manufactured' regionally within a radius of soo miles. OR OPTION 2 (2 points) Meet the requirements for Option t. Use a minimum of to% of the combined value of construction and Division 12. (furniture) materials and products extracted, harvested or recovered, as well as manufactured, within soo miles of the project. ]lanulutetigg refers final fristftitith.otcomptifient. into the building ptitti.tatt 041 is tut nislwdartd iratallcd by the tradtiiiiten. For cx.ititple. if the ftuidtture conic. hum O.11.s.Rxas. Ott lunibvt rum %Iinctitricri Britiiih Cafiunilitui ft :id the jot.: i. aN, c,nblvd iu Kent. "C”hinlifitiiiiit hot the lc.,:iunul the linft I ,iientIth is Kr rit i Vt'sitini!ttni MR CREDIT 5 it 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 253 EFTA00281792

MR CI Credit 5 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues The use of regional building materials reduces transportation activities and associated pollution. Trucks, trains, ships, and other vehicles deplete finite reserves of fossil fuels and generate air pollution. It also is important to address the source of raw materials used to manufacture building products; some are harvested or extracted far from the point of manufacture, also contributing to air and water pollution associated with transportation. Economic Issues The availability of regionally manufactured building materials depends on the project location. In some areas, the majority of products needed for the project can be obtained within a 500-mile radius. In other areas, only a small portion or no building materials can be sourced locally. However, the purchase of regional building materials is generally more cost-effective because of reduced transportation costs. Also, the support of regional manufacturers and labor forces retains capital in the community, contributing to a more stable tax base and a healthier local economy, as well as showcases the resources and skills of the region. 2. Related Credits Specifying regional materials to achieve this credit may affect the levels of achievement for the following credits: ■ MR Credit 3: Materials Reuse • MR Credit 4: Recycled Content • MR Credit 6: Rapidly Renewable Materials Set goals early for materials use; assess the availability of regional materials and determine the best available products to minimize the project's environmental impact. The use of life-cycle assessment tools may be employed in the decision-making process. The project materials costs used in this credit need to be consistent with those used in the following credits: ■ MR Credit 3.1: Materials Reuse • MR Credit 4: Recycled Content • MR Credit 6: Rapidly Renewable Materials 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit. 4. Implementation The point of manufacture is considered the place of final assembly of components into the building product that is furnished and installed by the tradesworkers. For example, if the hardware comes from Dallas, the lumber comes from Vancouver, and the joist is assembled in Kent, Washington, then the location of the final assembly is Kent, Washington. It may require careful research to determine what local products are available, so evaluate this credit early in the design process. This credit is achieved by summing the cost of all materials that are sourced, extracted, and manufactured within 500 miles of the construction site. If the material contains components that were sourced from a place within 500 miles but the final assembly was farther away, the product cannot be counted toward the credit. In cases where products and construction components are assembled on-site, the individual components that are extracted within 500 miles of the site will be counted toward this credit. 254 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281793

The general contractor should work with subcontractors and suppliers to verify availability of materials that are extracted, harvested, or recovered and manufactured locally. The contractor should run preliminary calculations based on the construction budget or schedule of values during the preconstruction phase. This will allow the construction team to focus on those materials with the greatest contribution to this credit as early as possible. 5. Timeline and Team Run preliminary calculations; as soon as a project budget is available, to set appropriate regional materials targets. Architects should specify in the construction documents products that are extracted, harvested, recovered, and manufactured within 500 miles and work with the general contractor on approved alternatives that meet the requirements ofthis credit Duringconstruction, the general contractor is typically responsible for documenting the amounts and values of regionally harvested and manufactured materials used on the project The general contractor must track the materials cost of each locally harvested and manufactured product that will be applied to this credit. 6. Calculations List products that were extracted, harvested, or recovered and manufactured within 500 miles of the project site. Indicate the manufacturer, the product cost, the distance between the project site and the manufacturer, and the distance between the project site and the extraction site for each raw material contained within each product. Materials costs include all expenses to deliver the materials to the project site. Materials costs should account for all taxes and transportation costs incurred by the contractor but exclude any cost for labor and equipment once the material has been delivered to the site. Calculate the percentage of local materials using Equation'. Equation 1 Percentage Local Materials Total Cost of Local Materials (s) X 100 Total Materials Cost 15) No Default Materials Value The LEED for Commercial Interiors Rating System has no default relationship between the value (in dollars) of materials and total construction costs. Reused and Salvaged Materials Reused and salvaged materials that satisfy the requirements of MR Credit 3 may also contribute to MR Credit S. Use the location from which they were salvaged as the point of extraction, and use the location of the salvaged goods vendor as the point of manufacture. For materials with more than r point of manufacture or extraction, all within the 500-mile radius, list the component with the greatest distance. If a portion of the material was either manufactured or extracted beyond the 500-mile radius, list only that portion and associated cost satisfying the credit requirement. Forassemblies or products manufacturedwithinthe500-mile radius that contain some components extracted farther away, use multiple lines when listing purchases. Base the proportionality of such products' costs on the weight of their various components (see the example for concrete in Tables and 2.) MR CI Credit 5 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 255 EFTA00281794

MR CI Credit 5 Table 1. Sample Assembly Percentage Regionally Extracted Calculation for Concrete Components Weight (lbs) Distance between Project & Extraction Site (miles) Weight Contributing to Regional Extraction (lbs) Cement 282 1.250 0 Fly Ash 282 125 282 Water 275 1 275 Slag 750 370 750 Recycled Concrete & Aggregate 1,000 8 1,000 Sand 1,200 18 1,200 Component Totals 3,789 NA 3,507 Percent Regionally Extracted Materials (3.50773,789) 92.6% Table 2. Sample Spreadsheet for Regional Materials Product Manufacturer Distance_ Between Project & Manufacturer (miles) Distance Between Project & Extraction site (miles) m Product Cost (51 Product Cost IS) Regional Content Information Source Concrete (manufactured and extracted) Omega Mix 5 926 370 926 Letter from supplier Concrete (just manufactured) Omega Mix 5 74 Wood Paneling Zeta Panels 25 6.000 Contractor submittal Casework Chi Casework 20 30.000 Letter from fabricator Gypsum wall Nu Gyps 320 9.900 312 9,900 Letter from fabricator Wood flooring. salvaged Xi Floors 20 2.640 Cut sheet Ceiling light fixtures Omicron Luminaire 275 21.000 Product brohure Furniture, reused Pi Works 45 203,700 Letter from prior owner Component Totals $274,240 $10,826 Total Construction Material Value $341,214 Division 12 Material Value $598,722 Total Project Material Value $939,986 Percent Manufactured Regionally (274,240/939,986) 29.2% 29.2% > 20% MR 5, 1 point earned Percent Both Manufactured Regionally & Extracted Regionally (10,8261939,986) 1.2% 1.1% < 10.0% MR 5, 2nd point not earned Exclusions Do not include mechanical, electrical, and plumbing system components in the calculations for this credit. Compared with structural and finish materials, mechanical and electrical equipment tends to have a high dollar value relative to the amount of material it contain and that high dollar value would skew the results of the calculation. 256 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281795

7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • Compile a list of product purchases manufactured, extracted, or harvested regionally. • Recordmanufacturers' names, productcosts,distancesbenveentheproject and manufacturer, and distances between the project and the extraction site. • Retain cutsheets that document product manufacture locality within a 500-mile radius of the project site. • In addition, for Option 2, prepare cutsheets to document extraction within a zoo-mile radius of the project site. 8. Examples EXAMPLE 1 Figure 2 illustrates an example for a hypothetical slag concrete material that is extracted, processed, and manufactured within 500 miles of a project site. Figure 2. Extraction and Manufacturing Location of Fly Ash Concrete r Portland Gravel Silica Cement Extraction Extraction Manufacturing Concrete 4Pri4W-- a 'zing Plant Lime Extraction eee Slastfurnace Slag Extraction al• ••• ••••• ••• I I I / / * noon SbeLocation • Ixecake of 'Wresting littracticn • Ailinuisces.) SOO Mile Radii, from Onosett Se, MR CI Credit 5 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 257 EFTA00281796

MR CI Credit 5 EXAMPLE 2 Tenant Xis evaluating material purchases to meet the requirements of MR Credit s. Table 3 lists materials and components that comply with this credit. Table 3. Sample Material for MR Credit 5, Options 1 and 2 Distance of project from point of harvest or extraction Distance of project from point of manufacture or assembly Product Included for Option 1? Product Included for Option 2? Flooring: Lumber harvested 450 miles Flooring mill 400 miles Yes Yes I Beams: Steel extraction 1000 miles Steel mill 300 miles Yes No Concrete: Cement 65D miles Aggregate: 150 miles Cement plant 600 miles Aggregate mand sand 100 iles No for cement Yes for aggregate and sand No for cement Yes for aggregate Drywall: Gypsum factory 200 miles Drywall supplier 600 miles No No 9. Exemplary Performance Project teams may earn an Innovation in Design credit for exemplary performance by achieving a total value of regionally harvested, extracted, and manufactured materials of 20% or more. 10. Regional Variations Local availability of materials will vary by region. Regional building materials are often consistent with regional design aesthetics and may be more stable in the local climate than materials from other regions. Consider the local vernacular architecture and adopt a design that incorporates locally produced materials wherever possible. Those project sites near sources for material origin and manufacture will have an advantage in the achievement of this credit. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations The duplication, replacement, and repair of regional materials will be easier if information about the installed products has been maintained. Encourage the creation of a sustainable purchasing plan and provide building operators with lists of the installed products and their manufacturers, such as the documentation used in the LEED application. 12. Resources Please see I.SGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http:(/www.usgbc.org/p -ojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Government Resources Check with the local chamber of commerce and regional and state economic development agencies for building materials manufacturers in the region. 13. Definitions An assembly can be eithera product formulated from multiple materials (e.g.,concrete) or a product made up of subcomponents (e.g., a worlcstation). Regionally extracted materials are raw materials taken from within a soo-mile radius of the project site. Regionally manufactured materials are assembled as finished products within a zoo-mile radius of the project site. Assembly does not include on-site assembly, erection, or installation of finished components. 258 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281797

RAPIDLY RENEWABLE MATERIALS a Credit Points MR Credit 6 1 point Intent To reduce the use and depletion of finite raw materials and long-cycle renewable materials by replacing them with rapidly renewable materials. Requirements Use rapidly renewable construction and Division 12 (Furniture and Furnishings) materials and products for 5% of the total value of all materials and products used in the project, based on cost. Rapidly renewable building materials and products are made from plants that are typically harvested within a lo-year or shorter cycle. MR CREDIT 6 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 259 EFTA00281798

MR CI Credit 6 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Many conventional building materials require large inputs of land, natural resources, capital, and time to produce. Conversely, rapidly renewable materials generally require fewer of these inputs and are likely to have fewer environmental impacts. Rapidly renewable resources are replenished faster than traditional materials—they are planted and harvested in a cycle of to years or less. Sourcing rapidly renewable materials reduces the use of raw materials whose extraction and processing have greater environmental impacts. A common example is the use of agricultural fiber such as wheat in composite panels as a substitute for wood products, reducing the overall consumption of wood. Irresponsible forestry practices cause ecosystem and habitat destruction, soil erosion, and stream sedimentation; replacing wood products with rapidly renewable resources reduces a product's overall environmental impact. Because of their intensive production and shorter growing cycles, rapidly renewable crops also require significantly less land to produce the same amount of end product; some are byproducts that are otherwise considered waste. Bio-based plastics (e.g., from corn starch) and other rapidly renewable resources are beginning to provide alternatives to some petroleum-based plastics. Many products made from rapidly renewable materials have interesting visual or tactile qualities. Using these materials in a visually prominent way provides opportunities for learning about manufacturing processes, economics, environmental impacts, and embodied energy. Economic Issues Land saved by the use of rapidly renewable materials will be available for a variety of other uses, including open space and food crops. Because rapidly renewable resources can be harvested more quickly, they tend to give faster payback on investment for producers. Although rapidly renewable materials can carry a price premium over their conventional counterparts, as demand increases, they are expected to become cost-competitive with conventional materials. 2. Related Credits Rapidly renewable materials like cork or bamboo plywood may come from distant sources and may affect achievement of the following credit: ■ MR Credit 5: Regional Materials To reduce the detrimental effects some materials have on indoor air quality, project teams should follow the guidelines of the prerequisites and credits below and specify materials and furnishings that do not release harmful or irritating chemicals, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), from paints and solvents. ■ MR Credit 3.1: Materials Reuse • I EQ Credit 4.1: Low-Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants • I EQ Credit 4.2: Low-Emitting Materials—Paints and Coatings • IEQ Credit 4.3: Low-Emitting Materials—Flooring Systems ■ IEQ Credit 44: Low-Emitting Materials—Composite Wood and Agrifiber Products ■ IEQ Credit 4.5: Low-Emitting Materials—Systems Furniture and Seating The project materials costs used in this credit need to be consistent with those used in the following credits: ■ MR Credit 4: Recycled Content • MR Credits: Regional Materials 260 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281799

Reused furniture that qualifies for MR Credit 3.2, Materials Reuse—Furniture and Furnishings, should be excluded from the credit calculation (numerator and denominator) for this credit. 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit. 4. Implementation Establish a goal for the use of rapidly renewable materials early in the design phase, identify possible building materials that may be substituted with rapidly renewable products, and find vendors that can achieve this goal. Tablet provides examples of common rapidly renewable materials, and Figure 1 illustrates the typical harvest rate of sample materials. Identify products and vendors in the project specifications and plans, and work with the general contractor to source acceptable alternatives. During construction, make sure that the specified rapidly renewable materials are installed. Examples of rapidly renewable materials include bamboo flooring and plywood, cotton batt insulation, linoleum flooring, sunflower seed board panels, wheatboard cabinetry, wool carpeting, cork flooring, bio-based paints, geotextile fabrics such as coir and jute, soy-based insulation and form-release agent, and straw bales. Figure 1. Harvest Rates of Sample Materials 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Traditional Cronin Cycle Rap, Renewable Renato llama Code • im. ICED definition a raulllene newable • Spruce/ Pinot ir Forests Cork Bamboo Natural Rubber Wheat Cotton Straw (Linoleum Linseed ) 5. Timeline and Team Run preliminary calculations during the early design phase, as soon as a project budget is available, to determine the feasibility of achieving this credit and identify the quantity of material (by cost) that must be purchased to meet the 596threshold (refer to the Examples and Calculations sections). Research the availability and cost of rapidly renewable materials. The architect should specify these materials. During construction, the general contractor should ensure that the specified rapidly MR CI Credit 6 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 261 EFTA00281800

MR CI Credit 6 renewable materials are properly installed and collect product documentation from manufacturers to give to the project team. 6. Calculations Identify those products and materials that are considered rapidly renewable and sum the cost. Materials costs include all expenses to deliver the material to the project site. Materials costs should account for all taxes and transportation costs incurred by the contractor but exclude any cost for labor and equipmentoncethe material has been delivered to the site. Do not include reused furniture that qualifies for MR Credit 3.2, Materials Reuse—Furniture and Furnishings. Divide that sum by the total project material value (in dollars), as shown in Equation]. Equation 1 Percent of Rapidly Renewable Materials Total Cost of Rapidly Renewable Material (5) Total Materials Cost ($) X Rio Assembly Rapidly Renewable Content Assemblies are products made of multiple materials,either in their formulation (e.g., particleboard) or in their manufacture (e.g.,workstation components). The determination of the rapidly renewable content of an assembly should not be confused with the calculation shown in Equation I, where the final value is expressed in dollars. For assembly rapidly renewable content, determine the fraction of the assembly that is considered rapidly renewable, by weight. Table s illustrates a manufacturer's workstation product lines for a Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturer's Association (BIFMA) International typical workstation configuration. Table 1. Sample Assembly Rapidly Renewable Content for BIFMA Typical Configuration Manufacturer Lambda Furniture Product Line High End Workstations BIFMA Typical Configuration Workstation Configuration 0010 Component Weight (lbs) Percent Rapidly Renewable Weight Contributing to Rapidly Renewable Content (lbs) Wheat Board 28.0 100% 28.0 Top Veneer, Bamboo 4.0 75% 3.0 Other 721.0 0% 0.0 Totals 753.0 31.0 Percent Rapidly Renewable (31.0/753.0) 4.1% For subcomponents, determine the percentage by using the weights of the component elements. No consideration is given to relative costs of the subcomponents. In the example in Table 2, the top veneer is 75% bamboo by weight, and thus 75% of 3 pounds counts toward the rapidly renewable content. Systems Furniture In LEED for Commercial Interiors, those materials listed in Construction Specification Institute (CSI) MasterFormatTM 2004 Division 12 (Furnishings) must be included in the calculation of MR Credit 6. This CSI category includes systems furniture. A team may use the percentages of rapidly renewable content determined by the product manufacturer for the typical workstation configuration that best represents the project installation. This approach also may be used in calculating MR Credits 4 and 7. 262 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281801

BIFMA International has defined typical workstation configurations forboth open plans and private offices, available at http://www.bifina.org. Using these typical configurations, manufacturers have determined the rapidly renewable content percentages for their individual product lines. Table t shows an example of a manufacturer's calculation. Project teams should have this documentation from the manufacturer available for reference during the certification review process. Project teams, most likelyinconjunctionwith theirfurniture supplier,will needto separate theirtotal new furniture costs to correspond to the industry-typical configurations for each manufacturer and product line. These segmented values are then multiplied by the manufacturer's rapidly renewable content percentages for the credit calculation. See Table a. Table 2. Sample Spreadsheet for Rapidly Renewable Materials Product Name Compan y Product IS/ % Renewable Renewable Value ($) Rapidly renewable content information source Countertops . wheatboard Rho Tops 6.700 30.0% 2.010 Letter Casework Sigma Mills 30.000 50.0% 15.000 Letter Linoleum flooring Tau Flogs 882 60.0% 529 Cut sheet Bamboo window blinds Upsilon Shades 14,079 75.0% 10,559 Product Literature Systems Furniture, new Lambda Cubicles 228,366 4.1% 9,363 Manufacturer's typical Tables, new Mu Mills 19,751 88.4% 17,460 Manufacturer's detail Rapidly Renewable Materials Subtotal $54,921 Total Construction Material Value $341,214 Division 12 Material Value $598,772 Total Project Material Value $939,986 Percent Rapidly Renewable Value (54,921/939,986) 5.8% 5.8% > 5.0% MR 6 earned This approach was developed so that project teams would not have to build the credit values starting from individual workstation component counts, costs, and rapidly renewable content percentages. However, if a project team has purchased components that have rapidly renewable contents outside a 5% range ofthose used in the manufacturer's published percentages for the typical configurations, project-specific detail will be required. This may occur when certain green materials have been specified. In this case, request that the manufacturer prepare an assembly rapidly renewable content calculation for the actual products purchased. Other products, such as seating, storage units, and conference tables, are not included in typical configurations. For some of these items, there are consistent attributes across a product line; the percentage of rapidly renewable content of a 36-inch-diameter table will be the same as that in a 72-inch-diameter table. When this is the case, identify the dollar amount for all products used on the project within the product line and multiply by the rapidly renewable percentages. Products without consistent attributes must be addressed separately. Table 2 shows examples of both situations. Exclusions Do not include mechanical, electrical, and plumbing components in the calculations for this credit. Also exclude reused furniture that qualifies for MR Credit 32, Materials Reuse—Furniture and Furnishings. No Default Materials Value The LEED for Commercial Interiors Rating System has no default relationship between the value of materials and total construction cost. MR CI Credit 6 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 283 EFTA00281802

MR CI Credit 6 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • Compile a list of rapidly renewable product purchases. • Record manufacturers' names, materials costs, the percentage of each product that is rapidly renewable criteria (by weight), and each compliant value. • Retain cutsheets that document rapidly renewable criteria. 8. Examples The total materials costs for the tenant improvement for Fry Industries is $270,000. Table 3 lists rapidly renewable products purchased for this project, the assembly cost, and the percentage of rapidly renewable content as part of assembly components. The total cost of rapidly renewable content equals 12.15% of Fry's total cost of all materials, and the project earns t point. Table 3. Sample Calculations for Rapidly Renewable Material Provide total materials cost (exclude labor, equipment) $270.000 Product name Countertop wheatboard Bamboo window blinds Cork panels Linoleum flooring Totals Vendor name Rho Company Upsilion shades Gerdes cork Tau floors Assembly product cost $6.700 $14.079 $22,000 $882 $43,661 Percentage rapidly renewable content (if part of assembly)* 30.00% 75.00% 90.00% 50.00% Value of rapidly renewable content $2,010.00 $10,559.25 $19,800.00 3441.00 $32,810 Rapidly renewable content information source Vendor Website Vendor Manufacturer letter Value of rapidly renewable content $32.810 Percentage cost of rapidly renewable content total cost of all materi Is 12.15% Points documented 1 points MR Credit 6 f 1 point): Combined value of rapidly renewable contenta5% 9. Exemplary Performance Project teams may earn an Innovation in Design credit for exemplary performance by achieving a rapidly renewable materials content of 1096 or more. 10. Regional Variations Assess the availability of rapidly renewable materials that also contribute to MR Credit 5, Regional Materials, and select products manufactured from rapidly renewable resources within soo miles of the project site. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Some rapidly renewable materials may require different maintenance practices. For example, bamboo and cork generally should not be exposed to excessive moisture from damp mopping and other common janitorial or maintenance activities. When sourcing rapidly renewable products, request maintenance recommendations from the manufacturer and give this information to the operations team. 264 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281803

The duplication, replacement, and repair of rapidly renewable materials will be easier if information abouttheinstalled productshasbeen maintained. Encouragethecreation ofa sustainable purchasing plan and provide building operators with lists of the installed products and their manufacturers, such as the documentation used in the LEED application. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.usgbc.org(projecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites BuildingGreen, Inc., Environmental Building News Read an article in Environmental Building News on bamboo flooring that includes a listing of bamboo flooring suppliers. Environmental Design + Construction, Highlights of Environmental Flooring Read an Environmental Design Construction article with information on bamboo flooring, linoleum, and wool carpeting. BuildingGreen, Inc., GreenSpec GreenSpec contains detailed listings for more than 2,000 green building products that include environmental data, manufacturer information, and links to additional resources. Oikos Oikos is a searchable directory of efficient building products and sustainable design resources. 13. Definitions An assembly can be eithera product formulated from multiple materials (e.g.,concrete) or aproduct made up of subcomponents (e.g., a worlcstation). Embodied energy is the energy used during the entire life cycle of a product, including its manufacture, transportation, and disposal, as well as the inherent energy captured within the product itself. Life cycle assessment is an analysis of the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product, process, or service. Rapidly renewable materials are agricultural products, both fiber and animal, that take to years or less to grow or raise and can be harvested in a sustainable fashion. MR CI Credit 6 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 285 EFTA00281804

266 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281805

CERTIFIED WOOD Credit MR Credit 7 Points 1 point Intent To encourage environmentally responsible forest management. Requirements When using new wood-based products and materials, use a minimum of so% that are certified in accordance with the Forest Stewardship Council's principles and criteria. Division 12 (Furniture) material value is included in the determination of the certified wood content. MR CREDIT 7 it 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 287 EFTA00281806

MR CI Credit 7 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues The negative environmental impacts of irresponsible forest practices can include forest destruction, wildlife habitat loss, soil erosion and stream sedimentation, water and air pollution, and waste generation. The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) standard incorporates many criteria that contribute to the long-term health and integrity of forest ecosystems. From an environmental perspective,theelementsofresponsibleFSC-certifiedforestryincludeharvestingtimbersustainably (i.e., not removing more timber volume than replaces itself over the cutting interval, or rotation), preserving wildlife habitat and biodiversity, maintaining soil and water quality, minimizing the use of harmful chemicals, and conserving forests of high conservation value (e.g., endangered and old- growth forests). Economic Issues As more developing countries enter world forest product markets and their growing economies drive domestic consumption, the protection of forests will become a critical issue. As of 2007, FSC- certified forests represent the equivalent of 7% of the world's productive forests." Currently, the costs of FSC-certified wood products are equal to or higher than conventional wood products, and availability varies by region. The price of FSC-certified wood products is expected to become more competitive with conventional wood products as the world's forest resources are depleted and the forest industry adopts more sustainable business principles. Because irresponsible logging practices can have harmful social as well as environmental impacts, the socioeconomic and political components of FSC certification include respecting indigenous people's rights and adhering to all applicable laws and treaties. Certification also involves forest workers and forest-dependent communities as stakeholders and beneficiaries of responsible forest management. Responsible forest practices help stabilize economies and preserve forestland for future generations. 2. Related Credits Project teams pursuing this credit may find opportunities to achieve other MR credits. An FSC strategy should be developed early to determine whether certified wood can be sourced and manufactured within 500 miles of the site. Additionally, when specifying mixed FSC materials and pursuing IEQ Credit 4.4, determine whether the finished product will be free of urea-formaldehyde. Refer to the following credits: ■ MR Credit 5: Regional Materials ■ IEQ Credit 4.4: Low-Emitting Materials—Composite Wood and Agrifiber Products 3. Summary of Referenced Standard Forest Stewardship Council's Principles and Criteria http://www.fscus.org Certification bythe Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is a seal ofapprovalawarded toforest managers who adopt environmentally and socially responsible forest management practices; and to companies that manufacture and sell products madefrom certifiedwood. This seal enables consumers, including architects and specifiers, to identify and procure wood products from well-managed sources and thereby use their purchasing power to influence and reward improved forest management activities around the world. LEED acceptscertificationaccordingtothe comprehensivesystemestablishedbythe internationally recognized Forest Stewardship Council. FSC was created in 1993 to establish international forest 268 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281807

management standards, known as the FSC principles and criteria, to ensure that forestry practices are environmentally responsible, socially beneficial, and economically viable. These principles and criteria are also intended to ensure the long-term health and productivity of forests for timber production, wildlife habitat, clean air and water supplies, climate stabilization, spiritual renewal, and social benefit, such as lasting community employment derived from stable forestry operations. These global principles and criteria are translated into meaningful standards at a local level through region-specific standard-setting processes. FSC also accredits and monitors certification organizations. The certifiers are independent, third- party auditors that are qualified to annually evaluate compliance with FSC standards on the ground and to award certifications. There are 2 types of certification: ■ Forest management certification is awarded to responsible forest managers after their operations successfully complete audits of forestry practices and plans. ■ Chain-of-custody (COC) certification is awarded to companies that process, manufacture, and/or sell products made of certified wood and who successfully complete audits to ensure proper use of the FSC name and logo, segregation of certified and noncertified materials in manufacturing and distribution systems, and observation of other relevant FSC rules (e.g., meeting minimum requirements for FSC fiber content in assembled and composite wood products). The majority of FSC certification audits performed in North America are conducted by SmartWood and Scientific Certification Systems (SCS), which are based in the United States. A limited number are performed by SGS, which is based in Europe. 4. Implementation Establish a project goal for FSC-certified wood products and identify suppliers that can achieve this goal. Research the availability of the wood species and products that they want to use, and make sure that they are available from FSC-certified sources. Mother method for lowering the impact of wood resources is to research and specify quality grades that are most readily available from well- managed forests. Using lower grades of wood (e.g., Architectural Woodwork Institute Grades z or 3 for lumber or veneer rather than Grade s) can dramatically reduce pressure on forests, which produce only limited quantities of top-grade timber. Contact local vendors, suppliers, and manufacturers that provide FSC-certified products as early as possible in the design phase. Design teams should provide project bidders with a list of certified vendors and encourage them to make contact early in the project to establish product availability and pricing. Consult the Resources section for information about product databases and boilerplate forms. Since the availability of certain certified wood products may vary over the life of a project, teams should consider having the owner prepurchase, store, and supply particular items to the contractor ( "furnished by the owner, installed by the contractor," or FOIC). Finding a storage location that matches the final ambient moisture of the space will ensure proper installation. Because ambient moisture is usually higher during construction, a job site is not the best location to store wood. The design team should specify in contract documents that wood products must come from forests that are certified as well-managed according to the rules of the FSC, and the team should require chain-of-custody documentation. Wherever possible, use a line-item strategy based on the current availability of specific products rather than a blanket approach. Figurer is based on information from FSC's website at http://www.fsc.orgi and outlines the FSC process when chain-of-custody documentation is required, and what types of information a project should collect. MR CI Credit 7 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 289 EFTA00281808

CI Credit 7 Figure 1. FSC Certification Process and FSC Certification Categories CerofiTotRe Required Forest management remeration is awarded to responsible forest manager after them operations successfully complete audits of forestry practices and plans. TRANSPORT Cot Required \ i • SUPPLIER / MANUFACTURER CoC Required Transport may fa under CoC requirements if the transport to the next stage involves a change of ownership of the material or product. Shippers or transport companies handling goods owned by FSC CoC certified companies are exempt from this rule. } Each wood products supplier and/or manufacturer that invoices {SC-certified wood products to a vendor must be / certified try an FSC. accredited certifier. VENDOR ( END USER Cot Required No Cot Required Each wood products vendor that Invoices FSC.certified wood products to project contractors & sub- contractors must be certified by an ESC- accredited certifier. All new wood on the project should Identify which components are ESC certified. Vendor Invoice: _.) Project contractors & subcontractors are not required to have CoC certification. - All new wood products must be identified on a line item basis. Show cost of each item Identify FSC-certified products (FSC Pure, FSC Mixed Credit, FSC Mixed INN) %) - Each Invoice with FSC product must show vendor CoC number AND, for FSC.Cerdfied Wood Products: - Supply • letter from the vendor stating that the products provided are ESC-certified (FSC FSC Mixed Credit, FSC Mixed (NN) Ity Chain-of-Custody Requirements Collect all vendorinvoicesforpermanently installed wood products, FSC certified or not,purchased by the project contractor and subcontractors. Vendors are defined as those companies that sell products to the project contractor or subcontractors. Each vendor invoice must conform to the following requirements (except as noted below): a. Each wood product must be identified on a line-item basis. b. FSC products must be identified as such on a line-item basis. c. The dollar value of each line item must be shown. d. The vendor's COC certificate number must be shown on any invoice that includes FSC products. Each wood products vendor that invoices FSC-certified products must be COC certified by an FSC- accredited certifier. 270 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281809

Exceptions: In some rare instances, it may not be practical for a vendor to invoice wood products on a line-item basis because the invoice would be dozens of pages long. In such cases, the invoice should indicate the aggregate value of wood products sold by the vendor. If the wood products are FSC certified, comply with the following requirements: a. The vendor's COC number must be shown on the invoice. b. The invoice must be supplemented by a letter from the vendor stating that the products invoiced are FSC certified. c. The invoice or the letter must state whether the products are FSC Pure, FSC Mixed Credit, or FSC Mixed (NN)%. 5. Timeline and Team Consider the FSC-certified wood content of construction materials, furniture, and furnishings in the selection and purchasing process. During the design phase, the architect should incorporate certified wood products into the project plans and specifications. During construction, the contractor should review the project cost to verify that so% of wood costs are FSC-certified. As materials are purchased during construction, the general contractor must obtain and retain COC certificates. At the end of construction, the general contractor should provide the documentation needed for the LEED certification application. 6. Calculations List all new wood products (not reclaimed, salvaged, or recycled) on the project and identify which components are FSC certified. The cost of all new wood products, both NC certified and not, must be tallied. Develop a spreadsheet to calculate the amount of new wood and the amount of FSC- certified wood permanently installed on the project. Wood products that are not FSC certified and those that are identified on invoices as FSC Pure and FSC Mixed Credit should be valued at t00% of the product cost. Wood products identified as FSC Mixed (NN)% should be valued at the indicated percentage of their cost. For example, a product identified as FSC Mixed 75% should be valued at 75% of the cost. Wood products identified as NC Recycled or FSC Recycled Credit do not count toward MR Credit 7, Certified Wood. They qualify instead as recycled-content products that may contribute to MR Credit 4, Recycled Content. Using Equation], determine the percentage of FSC-certified wood. Equation 1 Certified Wood Material Percentage — FSC-certified Wood Material Value ($) Total New Wood Material Value (5) X 100 MR CI Credit 7 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 271 EFTA00281810

CI Credit 7 Table 1. Sample Assembly Percentage Wood-Based Content for BIFMA Typical Configuration. Manufacturer Lambda Furniture Product Line High End Workstations BIFMA Typical Configuration Workstation Configuration 0010 Component Weight 0bs) Less Postconsumer Weigh (Ws) Wood-based Component Weight (Ibs) FSC Certified Wood Weight (Ibs) Wheat Board 28.0 28.0 28.0 Top Veneer 4.0 4.0 0.0 Other Wood 3.0 •1.1 1.9 1.5 Non-wood content 718.0 0.0 0.0 Totals 753.0 33.9 29.5 Percent Wood (33.9/753.0) 4.5% Percent FSC Certified Wood (29.5/753.0) 3.9% Assemblies In the case of manufactured products, such as windows and some furniture systems that combine wood and nonwood materials, only the new wood portion can be applied toward the credit. To determine the value of the wood components, calculate the amount of new wood as a percentage of the total weight, volume, or cost, and the amount of FSC-certified wood as a percentage of the total weight, volume, or cost. Multiply these figures by the total value ofthe product as invoiced to project contractors, subcontractors, or buying agents. Develop a separate spreadsheet for each assemblyto calculate the amount of new wood and amount of FSC-certified wood for assemblies andenterthe summarydata as a line item on the comprehensive spreadsheet used to calculate the percentage of certified wood used in the project. To incorporate assembly FSC-certified and new wood content into Equation 1, use Equations 2 and 3 and add the resulting value to the appropriate category: Equation 2 Assembly FSC Certified Wood Material Value Weight of FSC-certified Wood in Assembly Weight of Assembly X Assembly Value (S) Equation 3 Assembty New Wood Material Value Weight of New Wood in Assembly Weight of Assembly X Assembly Value (S) Furniture and Furnishings Include the wood content of newly purchased furniture and furnishings in this calculation. Furniture and furnishings are not limited to what is supplied by the contractor; owner purchases can also be included. Systems Furniture Use the percentages of wood content and NC-certified wood content determined by the product manufacturer for the typical workstation configuration that best represents the project installation. For use in this credit, BIFMA International has defined typical workstation configurations for 272 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2O09 EDITION EFTA00281811

both open plan and private offices; they are available at limp:fiwww.bifma.org. Using these typical configurations, manufacturers have determined the wood content and the FSC-certified wood content percentages for their individual product lines. Tablet is an example of a manufacturer's calculation. Project teams, most likely in conjunction with their fumiture supplier, will need to segregate their total new fumiture costs to correspond to the industry-typical configurations for each manufacturer and product line. These segmented values are then multiplied by the manufacturer's wood content and FSC-certified wood content percentages for the credit calculation. See Table a. Table 2. MR Credit 7 Percentage Certified Wood Example Wood Product Vendor latatend Value (S) Percent Wood (by weight) Value of Wood (S) Percent Certified Wood (by weight/ Value of Certified Wood (5) Forest Stewardship Council chain.of. custody certificate number Carpentry Phi Woods 19.800 92.1% 18.240 92.1% 18,240 SWCOC-013 Door bucks Chi Bucks 720 100% 720 46.0% 331 SCS-00C-00067 Moldings Psi Trim 1,710 100% 1,710 100.0% 1,710 SCS-00C-00094 Selving Psi Trim 2,407 77% 1,753 0.0% 0 Ma Countertops Beta Mills 6,347 95% 6,030 0.0% 0 rda Casework Beta Mills 34,875 80% 27.900 58.50% 20,402 SW-00C-675 Wood doors and frames Beta Mills 383 100% 383 100.0% 383 SCS-00C-00122 Furniture systems, new Lambda Cubicles 288,366 4.5% 12,976 3.9% 11,297 Manufacturer's detail Tables, new Mu Mills 19,751 93.0% 18,974 11.0% 2,173 Manufacturer's detail Subtotal $88.786 $54,536 %Certified Wood (54.536/88.786) 61.4% 61.4% a 50.0% MR 7 earned This approach was developed so that project teams would not have to build the credit values starting from individual workstation component counts, costs, and wood content percentages. However, when a project team has purchased components that have certified-wood content outside a 596 range of that used in the manufacturer's published percentages for the typical configurations, project- specific detail will be required. This may occur when FSC-certified materials have been specified. In this case, request that the manufacturer prepare an assembly content calculation, similar to Table 1, for the actual products purchased. Other products, such as seating, storage units, and conference tables, are not included in the typical configurations. For some of these items, there are consistent attributes across a product line: the percentage of wood content and FSC-certified wood content of a 36-inch-diameter table will be the same as that in a 72-inch-diameter table. When this is the case, identify the dollar amount for all those products used on the project within the product line and multiply by the wood content and FSC-certified wood content percentages. When this is not the case, individual products must be addressed separately. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • Prepare the CSI MasterForrnar 2004 Divisions 3-to cost to determine the net construction materials cost. MR CI Credit 7 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 273 EFTA00281812

MR CI Credit 7 • Prepare the CSI MasterFormat" 2004 Division 12 (Furniture and Furnishings) cost to determine the net construction materials cost. • Track certified wood purchases and retain associated COC documentation. • Collect copies of vendor invoices for each certified wood product. • Maintain a l ist that identifies the percentage ofcertified wood in each purchase. 8. Examples See Tablet for a sample calculation of wood-based content fora BIFMA typical configuration. 9. Exemplary Performance Project teams may earn an Innovation in Design credit for exemplary performance by achieving an FSC-certified wood content of 95% or more of the project's total new wood. 10. Regional Variations This credit may have particular importance in areas with poor forestry practices or high forest conversion rates. Encouraging the development of local FSC markets and assigning economic value to responsible forestry practices will promote the retention of local, indigenous animal and plant species, the preservation of open space, the improvement of local air quality, and the reduction of heat-island effects for areas of developed infrastructure. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations The duplication, replacement, and repair of certified wood products will be easier if information aboutthe installed productshasbeen maintained. Encourage thecreation ofa sustainable purchasing plan and provide building operators with lists of the installed products, their manufacturers, and COC certificates, such as the documentation used in the LEED application. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (httpdhvww.usgbc.orgiprojecttools) for additional resources and other technical information. Websites Forest Stewardship Council, United States http:/fwww,fscus.org/green_building For information and practical tools such as databases of certified product suppliers, referral service, specification language, and the Designing &Building with FSC guide and forms. Print Media Sustainable Forestry: Philosophy, Science, and Economics, by Chris Maser (DelRay Beach, St. Lucie Press,1994). The Business of Sustainable Forestry: Strategies for art Industry in Transition, by Michael B. Jenkins and Emily T. Smith (Island Press,1999). Governing through Markets: Forest Certification and the Emergence of Non-State Authority, by Deanna Newsom, Benjamin Cashore, and Graeme Auld (Yale University Press, 2004). Tapping the Green Market: Certification and Management of Non-Timber Forest Products, edited by Patricia Shanley, Alan R. Pierce, Sarah A. Laird, and Abraham Galen (Earthscan Publications, 2002). 274 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281813

13. Definitions Chain-of-custody(COC) is atrackingprocedureforaproductfromthepointofharvestorextraction to its end use, including all successive stages of processing, transformation, manufacturing, and distribution. Chain-of-custody certification is awarded to companies that produce, sell, promote, or trade forest products after audits verify proper accounting of material flows and proper use of the Forest Stewardship Council name andlogo.TheCOC certificate number is listed on invoices for nonlabeled products to document that an entity has followed FSC guidelines for product accounting. Sustainable forestry is the practice of managing forest resources to meet the long-term forest product needs of humans while maintaining the biodiversity of forested landscapes. The primary goal is to restore, enhance, and sustain a full range of forest values, including economic, social, and ecological considerations. A vendor of certified wood is the company that supplies wood products to contractors or subcontractors for on-site installation. A vendor needs a chain-of-custody number if it is selling FSC-certified products that are not individually labeled; this includes most lumber. Endnotes U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for zoos. zoo6. http://www.epa.govi oswirceiresources/msw-zoospdf (accessed May zoo8). • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for zoos. 2006. http://www.epa.govi oswirceiresourcesimsw-zoospdf (accessed November zoo8). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. Municipal Solid Waste: 2007 Facts and Figures. zoo8. httpl/www.epa.govioswinonhazimunicipalfpubsimswatrpt.pdf (accessed November 2°08). 4 Ibid. Oberlin College Recycling Program. "Recycling Facts." httpWwww.oberlin.eduirecycleffacts.html (accessed November 2.008). • The Aluminum Association. "Aluminum Industry Vision." http:fiwwwheere.energy.goWindustry/ aluminum/pdfsfalum_vision.pdf (accessed November 2°08). ' Contractor's Report to the Board:Statewide Waste Characterization Study, December 2004. http:// www.civemb.ca.gov/PublicationsfLocalAsst/340040os.pdf (accessed December 2008) • U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. Characterization of Building-Related Construction and Demolition Debris in the United States. http://www.epa.goviepawastefhazard/ generatiorysqgarpt.pdf (accessed January 2009). 9 Department of Natural Resources, Northeast Region. "Building Green at DNR — Northeast Region Headquarters Construction Waste & Recycling." http://dnr.wi.gov/org/land/facilitiesigreenbldg/ gbhqwaste.html (accessed November 2008). ,0 County of San Mateo, Califomia. San Mateo Countywide Guide Sustainable Buildings. 2004. http:// www.recycleworks.org/pdf/GB-guide-z-23.pdf (accessed November 2°08). Forest Stewardship Council. "FSC: Facts 8c Figures." http://wwwfsc.orgifacts-figures.html (accessed November 2008). MR CI Credit 7 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 275 EFTA00281814

276 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281815