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Music & Brain Science COO, CarlinAmerica Music Bernie Krause, PhD Advisory Board, The Institute for Mu

ida Science Foundation 20081111 Anne Young, MD, PhD Founding Board Member, The Institute for Music & Brain Science Chief, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Julianne Dom Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School Louis D. Braida, PhD Faculty, The Institute for Music & Brain Science Co-Director, Ha

41(21:483-494. 16. Starr A, Amlic RN, Martin WH, Sanders S. Development of audi- tory function in newborn

dy Center. Vanderbilt University. Nashville. TN, USA 'Department of Psychology. Harvard University. Cambridge. MA. USA Newborn Intensive Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. MA. USA Corresponding Author: Miriam Lense. Department of Psychology. Vanderbilt University. Peabody Box PO. 230 Appleton Place, Nashvil

ederation of. usic Therapy. President ex officio Bernie Krause, PhD Wild Sanctuary. President Robbie Le

ida Science Foundation 20081111 Anne Young, MD, PhD Founding Board Member, The Institute for Music & Brain Science Chief, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Julianne Dorn Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School Louis D. Braida, PhD Faculty, The Institute for Music & Brain Science Co-Director, H

M. till, PhD Van uani Ventures, Senior Partner Bernie Krause, PhD MN Sanctuary Inc.. President James

orking hypotheses. We recently completed a case-cohort study of physiological and behavioral responses to pain in the Neonatal Special Care Unit at Massachusetts General Hospital (Tram° et al. 2006, 2009). We monitored heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation for several minutes before, during, and after skin punc