Epstein Secrets

lves are also the ones most likely to lash out with extreme violence when someone threatens the reality of their stature. The evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers was the first to identify the adaptive significance of self-deception and its connection to deception. As he insightfully notes in his book The Folly

s of victory in war — or any competitive arena. Though this is a costly strategy, there are clear evolutionary benefits under conditions explained by Trivers and Johnson. Self-deception is favored when opponents have imperfect information about their strengths and weaknesses, and where the payoffs are high

ospital with schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37(3), 130-138; Wrangham, R.W. (1999). Is military incompetence adaptive? Evolution and Human Behavior, 20, 3-17; Zhu, F., Yan, C.-X., Wang, Q., Zhu, Y.-S., Zhao, Y., Huang, J., Zhang, H.-B., Gao, C.-G., & Li, S.-B. (2011). An association study between

ly applied in biological contexts to explain phenomena such as animal sex ratios (Fisher, 1958), territoriality (Smith & Price, 1973), coop- eration (Trivers, 1971), sexual displays (Zahavi, 1975), and parent—offspring con- flict (Trivers, 1974). More recently, evolutionary dynamic models have been applied

es, 108(32), 13335-13340. DeScioli, P., Bruening, R., & Kurzban, R. (2011). The omission effect in moral cognition: Toward a functional explanation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 32(3), 204-215. DeScioli, P., Gilbert, S. S., & Kurzban, R. (2012). Indelible victims and persistent punishers in moral cognition. Psychological In

-- References 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 R. L. Trivers, Quarterly review of biology pp. 35-57 (1971). J.

P. Ekman, R. J. Davidson, W. V. Friesen, Journal of personality and social psychology 58, 342 (1990). [33] L. I. Reed, K. N. Zeglen, K. L. Schmidt, Evolution and Human Behavior 33, 200 (2012). 16 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_026536 --- PAGE BREAK --- Low High FIGURE 1: THE ENVELOPE GAME DL 17 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_026537 --- PAGE BRE