Epstein Secrets

cation decision — that is, how it applied the Rule 23 factors -- is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See, e.g., EQT Prod. Co., 764 F.3d at 357; Ward, 595 F.3d at 179; Monroe v. City of Charlottesville, Va., 579 F.3d 380, 384 (4th Cir. 2009); Gregory v. Finova Capital Corp., 442 F.3d 188, 190 (4th

h a policy of discretion must demonstrate that a "common mode of exercising discretion" actually existed throughout a company. Id. at 2554; see also Tabor v. Hilti, Inc., 703 F.3d 1206, 1229 (10th Cir. 2013) (observing that "after Wal-Mart, federal courts . . . have generally denied certification when

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