Epstein Secrets

l adjustment following CSA disclosure (Everson. Hunter. Runyan, Edelson's. & Coulter, 1989; Sas, 1993), to their memory for stressful experiences (Goodman. Quas, Batterman-Faunce, Riddlesberger. & Kuhn. 1994), and to their maintenance of allegations across interviews (Bradley & Wood. 1996; Rieser, 199

eriences of sexual abuse can become inaccessible to con- sciousness. Although core features of stressful events are often panicu- lwly well retained (Christianson. 1992), debate centers on whether, for highly traumatic events, special memory mechanisms supercede normal memory processes. Some researchers argue

actors like event salience and personal rele- vance may facilitate memory retention (e.g., Baker-Ward. Hess. & Flanagan, 1990: Bower & Sivers. 1998; Christianson, 1992). severe abuse, which typically includes invasive sexual contact, force, or both. would be more likely to be remembered than less severe abus

children about the CSA than supportive mothers do or fail to legitimate their children's al- legations, long-term memory may be adversely affected (Goodman, Quas, Battentran-Faunce, Riddlesberger, & Kuhn, 1994; Haden, Mayne, & Fivush, 1997). Furthermore, individ- uals abused by an emotionally close care

l touching, rape, oral sex, or intercourse (completed or attempted acts) that occurred before age 18 and with a person more than 4 years older (see Goodman et al.. 2003). Of the 103 individuals (2.3 males, 80 females) who completed all portions of Phase 3, 7 said they were never abused (although 3 of

aps because of their salience or distinctiveness. They may activate physiological (e.g., amygrIala; LeDoux, 2000) and behavioral (e.g., rehearsal; Christianson, 1992) responses that help con- solidate or maintain memories, possibly including memories for whole categories of experiences. Moreover, for highly

y, including of child sexual abuse (Goodman et al., 2003), and predict adults' sus- ceptibility to false suggestion (Howe & Knott, 2015; Qin, Ogle, & Goodman, 2008). There are factors, however, that guard against false childhood recollections (e.g., Pezdek, Finger, & Hodge, 1997). Relatively strong memo

der the relation of the event to one's life course (Berntsen & Rubin, 2006; Frankenhuis & Weenh, 2013); the emotional or taboo nature of the acts (Christianson, 1992; Goodman et al., 1990); meta-cognitive abilities (Koriat et al., 2000), especially in relation to schema-expected, plausible acts (Pezdek et

opardy in the courtroom: A scientific analysis of chiklren's testimony. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10180- 000 Christianson, S. A. (1992). Emotional stress and eyewitness memory: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 284-309. Connolly, I). A., Chong, K., Cobur

e included in child maltreatment samples (but see Eisen, Goodman. Qin. Davis, & Crayton, 2007: Masten et al., 2008; Mefinder, Barr- gemd. (menstad, & Goodman, 2013), likely limiting the upper range of psychopathology symptoms studied. Finally, especially for longitudinal research, attrition can affect re

suffered the most severe maltreatment. resulting in permanent removal from home, may not be included in child maltreatment samples (but see Eisen, Goodman. Qin. Davis, & Crayton, 2007: Masten et al., 2008; Mefinder, Barr- gemd. (menstad, & Goodman, 2013), likely limiting the upper range of psychopatho

d the most important compo- nents of the stressful event, leading to enhanced memory for those components but weaker memory for peripheral details (Christianson, 1992). Forgetting and ermrs still occur. but they typically do so to a lesser extent than for memory of less nega- tive events, even in children (C

ence Foundation, 1986-88; 1988-91 (Jury Comprehension--w/Greene-Goodman) Fund for Research on Dispute Resolution, 1989-91 (Predictions of Success--w/Goodman) National Institute of Health, 1991-95 (Cognition & Health--w/Croyle) National Institute of Health, 1993-94 (Health/sex memory: subcontract from UC

er, B.L. & Loftus, E.F. (1990). Jury selection in major controlled substance trials: The need for extended voir dire. Forensic Reports, 3, 331-348. Christianson, S-A. & Loftus, E.F. (1990). Some characteristics of peoples' traumatic memories. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28(3), 195-198. Jobe, J. Whi

J., & Loftus, E.F. (1990). Determining damages: The influence of expert testimony on jurors' decision making. Law and Human Behavior, 14, 385-395. Christianson, S., Goodman, J., & Loftus, E.F. (1990). Eyewitness testimony. In Eysenck, M. (Ed.), The Blackwell Dictionary of Cognitive Psychology. Oxford, U.K.: